The Music of Social Climbing

原始文件名
The Music of Social Climbing.pdf.lecture.clean-v1.md
源路径
early music/A-Major Field Exam/01-vihuela_harpsichord/P2/The Music of Social Climbing.pdf.lecture.clean-v1.md
专题内序号
第 86 篇

目录

C1 The Music of Social Climbing: Spanish Vihuela Prints as Commonplace Books

  • S1.1 [描述性拆分] 标题与刊物信息
    • 页码:1-2
  • S1.2 Commonplace Books and the Process of Learning
    • 页码:2-4
  • S1.3 Courtly Learning in Spain
    • 页码:4-8
  • S1.4 [描述性拆分] 转向印刷音乐与社会章节
    • 页码:8-9
  • S1.5 [描述性拆分] Printed Music and Spanish Society
    • 页码:9-11
  • S1.6 [描述性拆分] 维韦拉印刷品的内部结构与教学法
    • 页码:11-13
  • S1.7 A Brief Case Study in Context
    • 页码:13-20
  • S1.8 Using the Materials
    • 页码:20-25
  • S1.9 Notes
    • 页码:25-32

S1.1 [描述性拆分] 标题与刊物信息

第1段(P0001)

原文复述

At the top of page 1 the article’s title is given as “The Music of Social Climbing: Spanish Vihuela Prints as Commonplace Books”.

中文讲解

这是论文的主标题,由一个主题词(“The Music of Social Climbing”)和一个限定性副题(“Spanish Vihuela Prints as Commonplace Books”)构成。副题把研究对象(西班牙维韦拉琴印刷本)和一种文本类型(commonplace books,即古代与近代早期欧洲流行的"摘录汇编册")并置,预告了全文的核心论证思路:把这类音乐印刷本视作类似commonplace book的汇编型文献来阅读。“Social Climbing"暗示作者还关心音乐在社会身份建构中的作用——标题的这两个层次共同规定了论文的论域。

第2段(P0002)

原文复述

The byline directly beneath the title names the author: Deborah Lawrence.

中文讲解

第一页页眉位置的作者署名:Deborah Lawrence。这是期刊在文章首页标注唯一作者的标准做法。

第3段(P0003)

原文复述

The source line states: The Musical Quarterly, Spring 2013, Vol. 96, No. 1 (Spring 2013), pp. 137–167.

中文讲解

出处信息。刊物为《The Musical Quarterly》(《音乐季刊》),由牛津大学出版社出版的英语音乐学权威期刊。本文刊于2013年春季号(第96卷第1期),页码137–167,共31页——这是一个中等篇幅的研究论文体量。

第4段(P0004)

原文复述

The publication line states: Published by Oxford University Press.

中文讲解

出版方说明:牛津大学出版社(Oxford University Press)。它与上一行刊物信息共同确认了本文的权威学术来源。

第5段(P0005)

原文复述

A stable URL is provided: https://www.jstor.org/stable/43865482.

中文讲解

JSTOR平台分配的固定URL,供读者长期定位与引用该文。在JSTOR的编号体系里,43865482是这篇文章的稳定标识符(stable ID),不因页面位置变动而失效。

第6段(P0006)

原文复述

A standard JSTOR notice reads: JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.

中文讲解

JSTOR平台的自我说明:非营利的数字档案服务,旨在帮助学者、研究者与学生发现并再利用各类学术内容。它由信息技木与工具驱动,旨在提升生产力并促成新的学术形式;末尾附联系邮箱。这段文字对正文论证无直接影响,仅为平台简介。

第7段(P0007)

原文复述

The terms notice reads: Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms.

中文讲解

JSTOR的标准使用条款提示:访问即视为同意相关条款。这是所有JSTOR页面的固定版面包裹文字,不承载论文内容。

第8段(P0008)

原文复述

The word “JSTOR” appears as a discrete label/wordmark on the page.

中文讲解

JSTOR的标识/水印,属版面品牌元素,不包含论文信息。

第9段(P0009)

原文复述

A collaboration line reads: Oxford University Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Musical Quarterly.

中文讲解

出版方与JSTOR的合作声明:双方共同对《The Musical Quarterly》进行数字化保存并扩展访问。这一信息把刊物身份(OUP出版)与获取渠道(JSTOR存档)关联起来,但不属于论文论证。

第10段(P0010)

原文复述

A download stamp reads: This content downloaded from 140.182.176.13 on Tue, 21 Jul 2026 21:42:14 UTC. All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms.

中文讲解

下载元数据:来源IP地址(140.182.176.13)、下载时间戳(UTC时间2026年7月21日星期二21:42:14),以及再次出现的使用条款链接。这是JSTOR自动生成的访问记录,与论文内容无关,仅用于版权追溯与使用控制。

第11段(P0011)

原文复述

At the top of page 2 the title reappears, headed by an “#” mark: “# The Music of Social Climbing: Spanish Vihuela Prints as Commonplace Books”.

中文讲解

论文标题在第二页再次出现,并冠以”#“号(这是JSTOR/PDF文档对一级标题的标记符号)。期刊版面在正文起始页重复标题,是常见排版规范,方便翻阅与引用识别。

第12段(P0012)

原文复述

Beneath the repeated title on page 2 the author’s name appears again: Deborah Lawrence.

中文讲解

第二页正文起始处重复出现的作者署名,与第一页页眉的署名相呼应,再次确认作者身份。

脚注 / 边栏 / 图表 / 附加信息(如有)

本节几乎全部为元数据与版面包裹信息:JSTOR平台的标识与使用条款(涉及P0006–P0009)、下载IP与时间戳(P0010)、以及在第2页重复出现的标题与作者名(P0011、P0012)。这些材料都不进入论文的学术论证,但提供了出版渠道、获取方式与版权约束等必要背景。

💡 本节核心要点

  1. 标题把"西班牙维韦拉琴印刷本"与"commonplace books"并置,预告了文章的核心论证思路
  2. “Social Climbing"暗示作者关注音乐与社会身份建构之间的关联
  3. 论文刊于《The Musical Quarterly》2013年春季号(第96卷第1期,页137–167),由牛津大学出版社出版
  4. 作者署名Deborah Lawrence,在第一页与第二页两次出现,符合期刊排版规范
  5. 附带的JSTOR链接、下载时间戳与版权提示属版面元数据,不影响文章学术内容

🔑 关键术语

  • Vihuela:西班牙文艺复兴时期主要的弹拨乐器之一(维韦拉琴),是本论文研究对象的物质载体
  • Commonplace Books:16–17世纪欧洲流行的"摘录汇编册”,读者把各处阅读所得按主题抄录整理;本研究把西班牙维韦拉琴印刷本类比为此类文本,主张其中乐曲同样按主题编排
  • JSTOR:非营利的学术期刊数字化档案平台,提供本文的在线访问与稳定URL(43865482),不构成论文论证的一部分
  • The Musical Quarterly:牛津大学出版社旗下的英语音乐学权威季刊,本文于2013年春季号刊出

S1.2 Commonplace Books and the Process of Learning

第1段(P0013)

原文复述

The seven books of music for vihuela de mano printed in sixteenth-century Spain at once belong to and stand apart from the wider early modern tradition of printed music intended for popular consumption. Like most other printed instrumental music of the period, they contain intabulations of vocal works—both sacred and secular—together with popular songs and idiomatic instrumental pieces. Yet when viewed as material culture, they differ in important ways: unlike comparable prints from elsewhere in Europe and England, the Spanish prints are divided into units explicitly designated as “books,” each carrying its own descriptive heading and often its own table of contents. Such internal divisions are uncommon among early instrumental prints, and the broad range of genres represented also contrasts with the more typical format in which a print concentrates on a single genre, or at most a few. The Spanish works consistently include instructional material, indicating that they were meant to function as self-help books; but their tutorial value is doubtful because their organization rarely allows a learner to progress gradually from beginner to proficient performer. One explanation for this organizational choice points to the use of the prints as musical commonplace books by upwardly mobile Spanish men and women: although they do tutor the vihuela de mano, their greater usefulness lies in supplying repertoire appropriate to social situations.

中文讲解

本段是S1.2小节的实质性开篇,承担两个任务:先勾勒维韦拉琴谱本与同期欧洲印刷乐谱的异同,再抛出本节的核心解释框架。

相似之处有三:①包含sacred与secular两类声乐作品的intabulations(把声乐曲改编为器乐曲);②收录流行歌曲;③包含idiomatic的器乐独奏曲。差异之处也有三:①西班牙本被明确划分为若干"书”(books),每"书"有独立标题与目录;②这种内部分段在早期器乐印刷品中并不常见;③体裁覆盖广,与多数印刷品只集中于单一或少数体裁的格式形成对比。

接下来作者指出一个表面矛盾:这些琴谱本含教学材料、看起来像自学手册,但其组织方式却几乎不支持从初学者到熟练演奏者的渐进训练,因此"教学价值"值得怀疑。作者由此引出本节核心论点:把它们理解为musical commonplace book(音乐常识手册)能更好地解释其组织方式——其首要价值并非训练演奏技能,而是为上升期的西班牙男女提供"在何种场合演奏何种曲目"的现成方案。

教学要点:本段的关键推理是"形式反常→功能重释"——既然按体裁编排、不支持循序学习,那就意味着它服务的不是"学习曲线",而是"社交场合的曲目检索";这是理解后面所有段落的前提。

补充说明

intabulation与vihuela de mano作为器乐史术语,本段未展开定义;下文凡涉及具体体裁(如fantasia、diferencias、tiento、soneto等)时,按同一逻辑保留原词并由上下文解释功能,不在本段预先铺陈。

第2段(P0014)

原文复述

Commonplace Books and the Process of Learning

中文讲解

本段为S1.2小节的标题:“Commonplace Books and the Process of Learning”(常识手册与学习过程)。它开启本节的核心论题——把commonplace book作为理解维韦拉琴谱本组织方式与使用功能的关键类比对象,同时把"学习"重新定义为不仅包括技能训练,更包括按需检索、按主题调用权威素材以服务社交场景的更广义过程。

第3段(P0015)

原文复述

Commonplace books were educational tools—collections of useful quotations drawn from figures of authority, distinguished by being organized by topic so that appropriate material could readily be recalled as needed. By the same token, the organization of vihuela prints by genre gave ready access to music suitable to whatever situation arose. In this case, the user of such a book was likely either a member of the burgeoning new upper classes, who, realizing that musical ability was a requirement for socially adept individuals, would want a collection of music meeting varied needs, or a professional musician seeking to advance within the social milieu in which he could find work.¹ Because the vihuela de mano held a position as one of the most popular instruments in Renaissance Spain, used by amateurs and professionals alike, music for it would be eagerly sought. Reexamining why these collections privilege musical genre over skill development, and which compositions earn inclusion in them, reveals a clientele eager to find a rapid route to success in polite society.

中文讲解

本段是S1.2小节正式展开后的第一段实质论述,承担双重任务:先给出commonplace book的工作定义,再把这个定义套用到维韦拉琴谱本上。

第一句是核心定义:commonplace book是教育工具,是权威人物的格言汇编,按主题组织以便随时取用。第二句用"Similarly"建立类比——维韦拉琴谱本按体裁组织,等同于按主题组织,使读者能在任何场合迅速找到合宜的曲目。第三句具体描绘使用者画像:①新兴上层阶级(burgeoning new upper classes)的成员,他们意识到音乐能力是社交能人的必备条件,因而需要一份能满足多种需求的曲集;②希望在自己谋生的社交圈子里往上走的职业乐师。第四句给出市场前提:维韦拉琴作为文艺复兴西班牙最受欢迎的乐器之一,业余与专业人士皆演奏,故其乐谱需求旺盛。第五句是本节的研究议程:重新审视①为什么这些选本更看重体裁覆盖而非技能进阶、②哪些作品得以入选,将揭示出"急于在礼貌社会中快速攀升"的读者群。

教学要点:作者用commonplace book概念作切入点,把音乐选本与文艺复兴时期的修辞学教育传统对接,从而解释为什么维韦拉琴谱本的组织方式"不像正常教材"——它服务的不是技能训练,而是社交曲目检索。脚注1的展开文本未在本节输入范围内。

补充说明

“commonplace book"的具体教学机制(如何摘抄、记忆、模仿权威)将在P0019、P0020进一步展开,本段只先确立类比框架。

第4段(P0016)

原文复述

doi:10.1093/musqtl/gdt005 96:137–167. Advance Access publication June 3, 2013. The Musical Quarterly. © The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

中文讲解

本段为期刊元信息:DOI 10.1093/musqtl/gdt005;《The Musical Quarterly》第96卷,第137–167页;提前在线发表日期2013年6月3日;2013年由牛津大学出版社代表作者出版,版权所有,转载授权联系journals.permissions@oup.com。该信息用于学术引用与版权核对,与本节论证内容无直接关系。

第5段(P0017)

原文复述

This content downloaded from 140.182.176.13 on Tue, 21 Jul 2026 21:42:14 UTC. All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms.

中文讲解

JSTOR下载水印:内容于2026年7月21日21:42:14 UTC从IP地址140.182.176.13下载,使用须遵守about.jstor.org/terms中的条款。该水印为电子期刊自动生成的版面元素,与本节论证内容无关。

第6段(P0018)

原文复述

Both amateurs and professionals were seeking to acquire “cultural capital”—Pierre Bourdieu’s term for the wealth and the attendant power generated by the knowledge, possession of, and access to culturally significant ideas and materials.² The noble classes, both new and old, possessed economic capital but also Bourdieu’s “social capital,” which derives from class and rank and is most easily recognized by the possession of a noble title. Even owning an instrument—a necessary prerequisite for using these music prints—embodied control over both monetary and cultural capital. The very awareness of music’s importance, the appreciation of it, and the desire to acquire it, not only in Spain but throughout Europe, drove the nascent business of music printing.

中文讲解

本段引入皮埃尔·布迪厄(Pierre Bourdieu)的资本理论作为分析工具,解释维韦拉琴谱本的市场动力。三种资本须分清:

①cultural capital(文化资本)——通过掌握、占有与接触有文化意义的观念与物品所获得的财富与权力,本段的核心概念;②social capital(社会资本)——源于阶级与等级,最直观标志是拥有贵族头衔,新旧贵族都拥有它;③economic capital(经济资本)——对应货币财富,本段未单独展开,但"monetary and cultural capital"中的"monetary"即指此。

作者论证逻辑:①读者(业余与专业人士)想要积累文化资本;②即使拥有经济与社会资本的贵族也需要文化资本——拥有一件乐器本身就是经济资本与文化资本的双重控制;③这种对音乐之重要性的认知、欣赏与渴望(不只在西班牙,而是整个欧洲)催生了刚刚起步的乐谱印刷业。

教学要点:本段为后续段落提供"读者为什么买琴谱"的社会学解释——他们购买的不仅是音乐教材,更是"跻身礼貌社会的快捷方式”。布迪厄的资本概念并非论证终点,而是分析透镜;下文将把"文化资本"的具体内容(音乐知识、引用权威的能力)与commonplace book的功能对应起来。脚注2的展开文本未在本节输入范围内。

补充说明

本段把布迪厄的资本理论作为"为什么有人买琴谱"的社会学解释,论证重心在读者动机而非理论本身;本节不展开布迪厄理论的源流与争议。

第7段(P0019)

原文复述

Printing music for aspiring musicians, amateur or professional, aided them in gaining cultural capital, a point to be developed more fully below. The business of providing learning tools operated similarly in the field of literacy. It was not enough to read and write one’s own language; knowledge of useful quotations, of Latin, and of good style in writing and rhetoric was required for the upwardly mobile, and commonplace books facilitated this learning process. Originally, students compiled their own commonplace books, copying into notebooks phrases discovered during study, later memorizing them with the goal of deploying them either in polite conversation or in constructing an argument.³ Eventually these wise or witty phrases and aphorisms would serve as models for the student’s own new compositions. To be most useful, the contents of the notebooks were organized by topic for easy retrieval. Moreover, for the entries to carry weight, they had to come from noted authorities. In the medieval period, collections of useful phrases were known as florilegia,⁴ though these were organized by author rather than by topic. The florilegium concept—a kind of bouquet of related ideas—could still be found in the Renaissance, reflected in the titles of poetry collections such as Juan de Timoneda’s Rosas de romances.⁵ This particular collection evokes the commonplace model because it comprises four sections, called books, of romances, each dedicated to a specific topic.⁶

中文讲解

本段把"印刷乐谱"与"印刷识字工具"进行类比,是P0018所提"文化资本"的具体落地。

第一句是过渡——指出"印刷乐谱帮助有志者积累文化资本"将在下文详述,本段先讲识字领域的同类现象。第二、三句揭示commonplace book在识字领域的对应功能:文艺复兴时期的上升阶层不仅要会读写本族语,还须掌握有用格言、拉丁语与修辞文风——commonplace book正是这种需求的工具。第四到六句追溯commonplace book的起源与原则:原本由学生自己手抄名句、按主题分类以便检索;摘录须出自权威人物;最终作为自己创作的模板。第七、八句介绍中世纪florilegium(“花束/语录集”)传统,特点是按作者而非主题编排。第九、十句指出florilegium概念在文艺复兴仍有延续:以胡安·德·蒂莫内达(Juan de Timoneda)的《Rosas de romances》(字面意为"罗曼采之玫瑰")为例,该集由四"书"罗曼采组成,每"书"专论一个主题,正是commonplace模式的体现。

教学要点:本段是P0015所建立类比的纵深展开,让读者明白"按体裁组织的维韦拉琴谱本"并非孤例,而是根植于一个跨越识字、修辞、音乐三领域的文艺复兴commonplace文化。脚注3-6的展开文本未在本节输入范围内。

补充说明

“loci"作为修辞学术语将在P0020由昆体良正式引入;“romances"在西班牙文学传统中指八音节叙事短诗体,本段只强调其"按主题分书"的组织方式与commonplace book相通,未涉及其文学史定位。

第8段(P0020)

原文复述

In Spain, a humanist education—provided primarily to boys and centered on learning Latin—was the route to success and power, just as it was elsewhere in Europe.⁷ The most commonly taught treatises on logic and rhetoric, those of Rudolphus Agricola and Erasmus, “all reflect and disseminate a quite understandable fear of having nothing to say in Latin, and an equally understandable fear of lacking voice or presence in discourse based on a written language…. The commonplace book was an aid to managing these multiplicitous texts.“⁸ That same humanist education might also teach the lessons of Quintilian, who advocated the ability to insert quotations in speech in order to display one’s learning. He recommended that pupils learn by heart such passages, called loci, and this in turn would help train their memory. Furthermore, imitating the best authors would help students develop their own polished style.⁹

中文讲解

本段把commonplace book嵌入到更具体的西班牙人文主义教育语境中,揭示其制度性的教育功能。

第一句点明:在西班牙,人文主义教育(humanist education)主要面向男孩,以拉丁语为核心,是通向成功与权力的途径,与全欧趋势一致。第二句引用鲁道夫斯·阿格里科拉(Rudolphus Agricola)与伊拉斯谟(Erasmus)的逻辑与修辞学教程,指出这些教材反映并传播着两种"可理解的恐惧”——在拉丁语中无话可说、在书面语言为基础的话语中缺乏声音与在场感;commonplace book正是应对这"多重文本”(multiplicitous texts)的工具。第三句转向昆体良(Quintilian),他主张在演讲中插入引文以显示博学,让学生熟记这类段落——拉丁语称loci(“位/场所”),并以此训练记忆;模仿最佳作者则能帮助学生形成自己的文风。

教学要点:本段解释commonplace book在文艺复兴教育体系中的功能性位置:它既是"害怕无话可说"的解药,又是"展示博学"的工具,还是"模仿权威"的材料库。这三种功能在维韦拉琴谱本中可以一一对应——它为演奏者提供"在何种社交场合演奏何种曲目"的现成答案,并使演奏者借所选曲目展示品味与教养。脚注7-9的展开文本未在本节输入范围内。

补充说明

阿格里科拉、伊拉斯谟、昆体良的教育思想细节,本节不展开论证;作者用引文形式呈现这些观点,目的是让读者看到commonplace book背后的整套修辞学—记忆术训练传统。

第9段(P0021)

原文复述

This content downloaded from 140.182.176.13 on Tue, 21 Jul 2026 21:42:14 UTC. All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms.

中文讲解

重复出现的JSTOR下载水印,文字与P0017完全一致,属自动生成的版面元素,与本节论证内容无关。

第10段(P0022)

原文复述

Although originally created by students themselves, the notebooks’ usefulness prompted the rise of printed commonplace books. While the manuscript versions were organized according to the students’ own choice of categories, the printed volumes had a structure determined by the author or publisher—which might be alphabetical or by topic—reflecting how the creator anticipated the purchaser would need to use the book. One such work, Lugares Comunes de conceptos, dichos, y sentencias, en diversas materias (1595), by Juan de Aranda, covers a wide range of topics including justice, avarice, luxury, water, love, governance, and many others. A table of contents facilitates easy access, and on each page bearing a topic heading is a wealth of definitions and elaborations, with the sources of each entry identified, citing books of the Bible, ancient and modern philosophers, church fathers, and the like.¹⁰ As the user of the book selected the most useful passages for memorization, he would note the authorities from which they came. The force of one’s argument or speech would be determined in part by the weight of the source invoked. Knowledge of the works of authority allowed one to possess and control that authority, and served as an aid to gaining power in commerce and court. Purchasing a printed commonplace book enabled the busy student and social climber to appropriate the value of authority and avoid cultural poverty without the labor of investigating all the sources personally.

中文讲解

本段是S1.2小节论证的收束,把"手抄→印刷"的转变讲透,并以胡安·德·阿兰达(Juan de Aranda)1595年的作品作为典型案例。

第一句点出转折:尽管commonplace book最初是学生手抄本,但因其有用催生了印刷版本。第二句对比手抄与印刷:手抄本按学生自选类目组织,印刷本则由作者或出版商决定结构(按字母或按主题),反映其对"读者将如何使用"的预期。第三到五句具体介绍阿兰达《Lugares Comunes de conceptos, dichos, y sentencias, en diversas materias》(《各主题的概念、格言与警句常识手册》,1595):题材广泛(正义、贪婪、奢侈、水、爱情、治理等),配有目录便于检索,每页有主题标题,下含丰富定义与阐释,且每条均标明出处(圣经、古代与现代哲学家、教父等)。第六、七句解释使用机制:使用者挑选最有用的段落背诵,并记下权威来源;论辩或演讲的力度部分取决于所引来源的分量。第八、九句收束于"权力"二字:掌握权威著作即是掌握权威本身,能帮助在商业与宫廷中获取权力;购买印刷常识手册使忙碌的学生与社交攀爬者免去亲自翻检一切来源的辛劳,就能获得权威的价值、避免文化贫乏(cultural poverty)。

教学要点:本段为P0013提出的"维韦拉琴谱本是音乐commonplace book"主张补上"印刷版本"这一关键类比对象——读者购买的不仅是素材汇编,更是一整套"如何按主题调取资源以服务社交场合"的方法论。脚注10的展开文本未在本节输入范围内。

补充说明

阿兰达此书1595年由马德里出版,是西班牙印刷常识手册的典型案例;作者选用它,因其最具体地展示了"主题目录+权威来源标注"的双重特征,与维韦拉琴谱本的"按体裁分书+曲题索引"形成结构对照。本节未涉此书的版本与流通数据。

脚注 / 边栏 / 图表 / 附加信息(如有)

本节输入范围内有三组非正文版面元素与若干脚注编号标记。版面元素方面:P0016为期刊元信息(DOI 10.1093/musqtl/gdt005,《The Musical Quarterly》第96卷137–167页,2013年6月3日提前在线发表,牛津大学出版社2013年版权,授权联系journals.permissions@oup.com);P0017与P0021为JSTOR下载水印,文字完全一致(2026年7月21日21:42:14 UTC自140.182.176.13下载,使用须遵守about.jstor.org/terms)。脚注编号标记嵌入在以下位置:脚注1位于P0015末尾、脚注2位于P0018首句、脚注3、4、5、6位于P0019、脚注7、8、9位于P0020、脚注10位于P0022。本节输入范围未包含这些脚注的展开文本,其具体出处与说明须查阅原文脚注层;本讲解不补写未经核实的脚注内容。本节无插图、乐谱占位符、表格或边栏。

💡 本节核心要点

  1. 维韦拉琴谱本与同期欧洲印刷乐谱既相似又不同:相似在于内容含sacred与secular声乐作品的intabulations、流行歌曲与idiomatic器乐独奏曲;不同在于西班牙本被明确划分为若干"书”,各带标题与目录,且常涵盖多体裁,而同期印刷品多集中于单一或少数体裁。
  2. 作者提出的核心解释是:这些琴谱本在功能上更接近musical commonplace book(音乐常识手册),其首要用途不是循序渐进的技能教材(因为其组织方式不支持从初学者到熟练演奏者的渐进训练),而是为上升期的西班牙男女提供"在何种场合演奏何种曲目"的现成方案。
  3. 读者动机可用布迪厄的资本理论解释:cultural capital(文化资本)通过掌握音乐知识获得,新旧贵族的social capital(社会资本)与其贵族头衔相联,职业乐师借音乐能力谋生,而拥有乐器本身就体现对经济与文化资本的双重控制;这种需求催生了乐谱印刷业。
  4. 音乐常识手册的合法性根植于更广义的文艺复兴commonplace文化:识字与修辞领域同样依赖按主题分类的格言集;中世纪florilegium按作者编排,文艺复兴时蒂莫内达《Rosas de romances》以"四书分主题"的结构延续这一概念。
  5. 人文主义教育(阿格里科拉、伊拉斯谟、昆体良)将"害怕无话可说"的恐惧与"展示博学"的需要相结合,使commonplace book成为管理多重文本、训练记忆(loci)、模仿权威的核心工具;这与维韦拉琴谱本为演奏者提供"合宜曲目+展示品味"的功能相对应。
  6. 印刷常识手册(如阿兰达1595年《Lugares Comunes》)以"主题目录+权威来源标注"双重结构,把学生从自己翻检文献的辛劳中解放出来,使其能便捷地把权威转化为论辩与社交资本——这与维韦拉琴谱本"按体裁分书+曲题索引"的结构逻辑一致,也回应了P0013提出的核心疑问。

🔑 关键术语

  • commonplace book:常识手册/格言集;本节指按主题组织、收录权威引文以便随时取用的教育性汇编;本节论证以此概念解释维韦拉琴谱本的组织方式与功能。
  • intabulation:为键盘或拨弦乐器把声乐曲改编为器乐曲的做法;本节P0013提到维韦拉琴谱包含sacred与secular两类声乐作品的intabulations。
  • vihuela de mano:手维韦拉琴,文艺复兴西班牙流行的拨弦乐器;本节的研究对象。
  • cultural capital:文化资本,布迪厄术语,指通过掌握、占有与接触有文化意义的观念与物品所获得的财富与权力;本节用来解释读者购买琴谱的动机。
  • social capital:社会资本,布迪厄术语,指源于阶级与等级的资本,最易由贵族头衔识别;本节用于说明新旧贵族为何也需要音乐知识。
  • economic capital:经济资本,布迪厄术语,对应货币财富;本节指出拥有乐器即体现对monetary与cultural资本的双重控制。
  • florilegium:中世纪按作者编排的语录集(字面"花束”),与按主题编排的commonplace book形成对比;本节指出其概念在文艺复兴仍有延续。
  • loci:拉丁文"位/场所",昆体良修辞学术语,指可熟记并在演讲中调用的现成段落;与本节commonplace book的功能直接对应。
  • romance(s):八音节西班牙叙事短诗体;本节指蒂莫内达《Rosas de romances》中按四"书"主题编排的诗作。
  • Rosas de romances:蒂莫内达的罗曼采合集;本节以此作为florilegium概念在文艺复兴延续的例证,指出其"四书分主题"结构与commonplace模式相通。
  • Lugares Comunes de conceptos, dichos, y sentencias, en diversas materias:阿兰达1595年印刷常识手册;本节作为"主题目录+权威来源标注"双重结构的典型案例。
  • humanist education:人文主义教育;本节指以拉丁语为核心、面向男孩(西班牙尤其如此)的修辞与逻辑训练体系,是commonplace book制度化的教育语境。
  • cultural poverty:文化贫乏;本节P0022出现,指缺乏权威知识积累的状态,对应通过购买印刷commonplace book即可避免的处境。

S1.3 Courtly Learning in Spain

第1段(P0023)

原文复述

Courtly Learning in Spain

中文讲解

这是本节的标题,宣告作者将讨论十五至十六世纪西班牙宫廷中学习与修养的形成语境。标题中的"courtly learning"既包含贵族的自我教育,也涵盖作为社交技艺的音乐与诗歌能力,构成本节论证的对象——即新兴贵族阶层如何在宫廷场景中通过教育、文艺修养来确立自身身份。

第2段(P0024)

原文复述

The population seeking education and control in fifteenth- and sixteenth-century Spain was a growing one. The struggle for power in fifteenth-century Spain that ended with the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella in 1469 resulted in a new aristocratic class as those battling for control rewarded their supporters with noble titles. Between 1450 and 1540, at least 108 new titles were created, including counts, viscounts, marquises, and dukes. $^{11}$ It was important for these new aristocrats to validate their

中文讲解

本段交代十五至十六世纪西班牙寻求教育与控制权的人口不断增长的政治背景。1469年费迪南德与伊莎贝拉的婚姻结束了伊比利亚半岛的权力争斗,由此形成了一个新贵族阶层——争斗各方以授予贵族头衔来酬答支持者。1450至1540年间至少新增了108项新爵位,包括伯爵、子爵、侯爵和公爵。这些新贵族因此亟需验证自身身份。脚注11是这一数字的来源。

补充说明

脚注11支持P0024中关于1450–1540年间新增贵族头衔数量的具体统计数字。

第3段(P0025)

原文复述

This content downloaded from 140.182.176.13 on Tue, 21 Jul 2026 21:42:14 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

中文讲解

此为JSTOR页面下载与使用条款声明,是电子书页面的标准页脚提示,不含论说内容。

第4段(P0026)

原文复述

titles by taking on the trappings of the upper class, in part by education. $^{12}$ The cultivation of poetry, especially love poetry, was one feature by which the new nobility established their credentials. Another was the patronage of artists and musicians as a means of creating visible and audible demonstrations of wealth. $^{13}$ Thus, the increase in members of the nobility meant an increase in the need for professional musicians to serve at various courts. Yet the new aristocratic class also sought to learn and practice courtly arts themselves, with explanations of how and what to know appearing in a few courtesy manuals.

中文讲解

承接上段结尾的"validate their",本段说明新贵族如何借助上层阶级的外在标志来确立头衔合法性,其中教育是重要途径之一。具体方式包括:诗歌(特别是爱情诗)的创作是确立身份的手段之一;赞助艺术家与音乐家则以可听可见的方式展示财富。贵族数量的增长直接抬升了宫廷对专业音乐家的需求。同时,新贵族自身也学习并实践宫廷艺术,其应知应会的内容可见于若干礼仪手册中。脚注12、13分别支持教育与赞助两条论断。

补充说明

本段的关键逻辑在于:它把"贵族需要证明身份"与"宫廷对音乐、诗歌的需求"连接起来,从而引出本节后文讨论礼仪手册中音乐、诗歌修养的具体内容。

第5段(P0027)

原文复述

The best-known handbook of the courtier is Baldassare Castiglione’s Il Cortegiano. Reflecting life at the court of Urbino in the early sixteenth century and was published in Venice in 1528, Il Cortegiano was translated into Spanish by Juan Boscán in 1534, with later editions published throughout the century. Among the topics addressed by Castiglione are the practice of music and conversational skills of courtly gentlemen and ladies, and it clearly advocates musical ability for the upper classes. Of note in this discussion of commonplace books is the following reply by a lady of court to a gentleman’s claim that he cannot converse if he has nothing to say:

中文讲解

本段引出最有影响的宫廷礼仪手册——卡斯蒂廖内的《廷臣论》(Il Cortegiano)。该书反映十六世纪初乌尔比诺宫廷生活,1528年在威尼斯出版,1534年由胡安·博斯坎译为西班牙文,之后在该世纪多次再版。书中涉及的议题包括廷臣与宫女的音乐实践和交谈技巧,明确倡议上层阶级应具备音乐能力。在讨论commonplace books(普通摘记簿)时,作者特意引用一位宫女对某位廷臣"无话可说"抱怨的回应。

补充说明

本节后文讨论的commonplace books(摘记簿)正是宫廷人士积累可用话题与诗料的工具,呼应了P0026中"需要学习内容"的需求。

第6段(P0028)

原文复述

“Thereby we shall see how ingenious you are,” said signora Emilia, “and if it is true, as I have heard, that a man has been known to be so clever and eloquent as not to want for material in writing a book in praise of a fly, others in praise of the quartan, another in praise of baldness, then can you not manage to talk about Courtiership for one evening?“14

中文讲解

本段是P0027所预告的引文,由signora Emilia对廷臣发言。她反唇相讥道:若世间真有人能就苍蝇、疟疾、秃头写出洋洋大作,那么你总不至于连一个晚上的"廷臣之道"都谈不出吧?脚注14标注此引文出处。这段引语以幽默方式表达:在受过修养的宫廷圈层中,“无话可说"并非真正的素材匮乏,而是缺乏修辞与记忆训练;真正有修养者能从任何题目中找到发挥的空间。

补充说明

例子中"praise of a fly / quartan / baldness"是文艺复兴时期欧洲"颂体写作"传统(encomium)的极端例子,作者借此凸显有修养之人应具备"即兴成章"的能力,与宫廷对音乐、诗歌才能的需求相互印证。

第7段(P0029)

原文复述

Signora Emilia has apparently heard of the wonders worked by those in possession of commonplace books.

中文讲解

本段是作者的点评:signora Emilia的机智应答表明她对持有commonplace books之人所创造"奇迹"有所耳闻。换言之,正是摘记簿的储备使宫廷人士在面对任何话题时都能应对自如,这是作者对前引文的功能性解释。

第8段(P0030)

原文复述

Castiglione’s book inspired other, similar ones. One such is Luis Milán’s El Cortesano, published in 1561, depicting life at the court of Valencia in the first half of the sixteenth century. Milán’s book is of particular interest with regard to the vihuela prints because Milán himself was a vihuelist and published, in 1536, the first of these Spanish books of vihuela music—El Maestro. In El Cortesano, as in Castiglione’s book, we learn that having something to say in polite conversation was important at the Valencian court, too. But though having language ability was necessary, the importance of being able to say something musically and poetically, at a moment’s notice, is well illustrated as a staple talent. Because Milán was a skilled musician in addition to being a courtier, it is not surprising to find him requested, on many occasions, to play the vihuela and sing. Louis Gásser notes that Milán is always being lent a vihuela for his performances, indicating his reluctance to appear too eager to sing, and distancing himself from professional musicians. $^{15}$ Somewhat surprising,

中文讲解

卡斯蒂廖内的著作启发了一批类似作品,其中之一是Luis Milán的《El Cortesano》(1561年出版),描绘十六世纪上半叶巴伦西亚宫廷生活。Milán本人是维韦拉琴演奏家,1536年出版了西班牙第一本维韦拉琴曲集《El Maestro》,故该书对维韦拉琴印刷品的讨论尤具价值。《El Cortesano》与《Il Cortegiano》一样强调礼貌交谈中"有话可说"的重要性,但更突出音乐与诗歌的即兴表达能力。Milán作为音乐家与廷臣,常被邀请弹唱。Louis Gásser观察到:他人总借维韦拉琴给他演出,这表明他不愿显得过分热衷歌唱,以免与专业乐师身份混淆。脚注15标注此观察出处。段末"Somewhat surprising,“作为悬念引出下段。

补充说明

Gásser的观察为作者后段讨论"业余—专业身份区隔"埋下伏笔,说明即使具备专业水准的廷臣也要在社交中保留业余姿态,这是宫廷伦理的重要细节。

第9段(P0031)

原文复述

This content downloaded from 140.182.176.13 on Tue, 21 Jul 2026 21:42:14 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

中文讲解

JSTOR下载与使用条款声明,属页面页脚。

第10段(P0032)

原文复述

however, is the frequency with which the other courtiers, men and women both, pepper their conversations with bits of poetry and song. Such interjections appear in El Cortesano hundreds of times, and reflect the importance of knowing and being able to recall poetry and music in this social setting. $^{16}$

中文讲解

承接上段"Somewhat surprising”,本段指出真正令人意外的是:在Milán的笔下,无论男女廷臣在交谈中频繁穿插诗与歌的片段,此类插入在《El Cortesano》中出现数百次,足见在巴伦西亚宫廷中"熟记并能随时调用"诗歌与音乐的能力具有重要的社交功能。脚注16标注此观察的来源。

第11段(P0033)

原文复述

The poetry could be the result of games played with motes, which were generally one- or two-line aphorisms, sometimes with a slightly mysterious quality, that were used as inspiration for a glosa. The Spanish poetic glosa is a form in which an original text is glossed poetically such that the last line of each poetical unit of the glosa is drawn from successive lines of the original work. Thus, an original in the form A–B–C might become, as a glosa:

中文讲解

本段定义两种核心诗歌游戏形式。其一是"motes”(警句),通常是一行或两行格言,有时带有神秘色彩,用作glosa(即兴释义诗)的灵感;其二是西班牙"glosa"形式——以诗的方式注解原文本,每一诗节末行依序取自原文本的各行。段末为下段公式化示例作铺垫。

补充说明

“glosa"的字面意义为"注释、阐发”,在西班牙诗歌传统中专指以上述结构展开的衍生诗体;这是后文Milán宫廷场景频繁援引的诗歌游戏基础。

第12段(P0034)

原文复述

$$ \mathrm{X-Y-Z-A} $$

中文讲解

这是对P0033所述glosa形式的第一个公式示例:原文本为A–B–C,第一个诗节展开为X-Y-Z-A,即诗节末行取自原文本第一行A。X、Y、Z为注释性自由发挥行。

第13段(P0035)

原文复述

$$ \mathrm{X} ^ {\prime} - \mathrm{Y} ^ {\prime} - \mathrm{Z} ^ {\prime} - \mathrm{B} $$

中文讲解

glosa形式的第二个诗节:X′-Y′-Z′-B,末行取自原文本第二行B,依此类推地逐行注解原文本。

第14段(P0036)

原文复述

$$ \mathrm{X} ^ {\prime \prime} - \mathrm{Y} ^ {\prime \prime} - \mathrm{Z} ^ {\prime \prime} - \mathrm{C} $$

中文讲解

glosa形式的第三个诗节:X″-Y″-Z″-C,末行取自原文本第三行C。三个公式合起来展示:原文本A–B–C的每一行均成为对应诗节之尾句,而前置的X/Y/Z(及其变体)为释义、发挥行。

补充说明

三段公式合并说明:glosa通过固定尾部约束保证诗歌游戏的"应答性”,使宫廷应答具备形式规则可循,正契合"有话可说、即时应答"的修养要求。

第15段(P0037)

原文复述

A collection of motes with their glosas appears in the Cancionero general of Hernando de Castillo, an enormous collection of printed song texts, $^{17}$ and Luis Milán also printed a book of motes to be used as a parlor game for mixed company. $^{18}$ For the courtiers in Milán’s El Cortesano, the proper response to a mote was a gloss in the form of a canción, the form that resembles a villancico with refrain and coplas, but with a shorter refrain. Cancíons were intended to be sung, but in Milán’s book, they seem to be recited as poetry. The following passage from the book illustrates a lively scene involving clever responses, courtly gallantry, and requests for musical performances:

中文讲解

本段介绍mote与glosa的实际载体。Hernando del Castillo的《Cancionero general》(大型印刷歌曲文本集)收有mote及其glosa;Luis Milán亦印行过供男女同乐的游戏用mote集。在《El Cortesano》中,对mote的得体应答是canción形式——它类似villancico(有叠句和coplas),但叠句更短;canción原本供演唱,但在Milán笔下似更多作为诗朗诵出现。段末预告下段引文将展示"机智应答、宫廷礼仪与音乐演奏请求"交织的生动场景。脚注17、18分别标注两个mote集的来源。

补充说明

“canción"与"villancico"均为西班牙诗歌—音乐形式;两者区别主要在叠句长度与功能场景。作者提示Milán笔下的canción实际是朗诵而非歌唱,揭示了诗与乐在宫廷中可以互换使用的灵活性。

第16段(P0038)

原文复述

The page said: Señor Don Luis Milán, My Lady and the ladies that are over there are dying of desire to see and hear you, and they say that if your mercy has the same desire, would you sing:

中文讲解

本段是《El Cortesano》中场景的开始,由一位侍童向Luis Milán传话:夫人们渴望见到并听他歌唱,问他是否愿意献唱。侍童传话这一中介形式本身即体现了宫廷中"第三方代为传达"的礼仪习惯。

第17段(P0039)

原文复述

Never was there a knight

中文讲解

侍童转述夫人们希望他演唱的romance(叙事歌谣)首行:“从未有骑士/如此受夫人们爱慕。“侍童所引为一段流行romance的开头,要求Milán接着吟唱或表演。

第18段(P0040)

原文复述

More beloved by the ladies.

中文讲解

侍童所引romance的第二行:"(从未有骑士)如此受夫人们爱慕。“两句合起来构成一种恭维的挑战:要求Milán以歌回应夫人们的赞美。

第19段(P0041)

原文复述

Don Luis Milán responded: Page, say to all these ladies that sent you, that I kiss their hands and carry out their wishes, for it is mine to be dying for them to see me and hear me, and I will respond to their romance with this villancico:

中文讲解

Milán对侍童的应答:先以"吻夫人之手"等宫廷礼语表达恭敬接受请求,并说将以一支villancico回应夫人们所点的romance。这段话同时展示了宫廷礼节(吻手礼、谦逊回应)与"诗乐互换"的能力——以villancico回应romance,是不同诗歌形式的灵活对接。

第20段(P0042)

原文复述

If my loves are to kill me,

中文讲解

Milán所唱villancico的首句:“若我的爱人们要将我置于死地。“这是宫廷爱情诗常见主题——爱慕致死的夸张修辞。

第21段(P0043)

原文复述

Now is the time.

中文讲解

Milán所唱villancico的叠句/第二句:“此刻正是时候。“与首句合起来构成完整的villancico结构:爱慕者注定消亡,而此刻即为此关键时刻。

第22段(P0044)

原文复述

This content downloaded from 140.182.176.13 on Tue, 21 Jul 2026 21:42:14 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

中文讲解

JSTOR下载与使用条款声明,属页面页脚。

第23段(P0045)

原文复述

Don Diego Ladron said: Don Luis Milán, let us go, let us go, because I am afraid to sing:

中文讲解

场景推进,Don Diego Ladron登场。他向Milán说"走吧走吧,因为我害怕唱”,表面是怯场,实为按宫廷惯例以"谦辞"邀请同台或互相壮胆。

第24段(P0046)

原文复述

Of this malady I will die, Mother,

中文讲解

Don Diego随后演唱的诗首行:“我将死于这一病症,母亲。“延续爱情致死主题,并加入"母亲"称呼,是西班牙诗歌中常见的哀歌格套。

第25段(P0047)

原文复述

Of this malady will I die.

中文讲解

Don Diego所唱的第二行(叠句):“我将死于这一病症。“两句以重复强调死亡之爱,体现villancico叠句的循环效果。

第26段(P0048)

原文复述

And being before all of the ladies, Don Diego took the hand of Don Luis Milán, saying:

中文讲解

场景描写:在众夫人面前,Don Diego握住Milán的手,引出下一段诗句。这是宫廷"仪式化肢体接触"的典型——在公开场合牵手象征情谊与共演的盟约。

第27段(P0049)

原文复述

Ladies, here is Orpheus,

中文讲解

Don Diego所引诗句首行:“夫人们,此乃Orpheus(俄耳甫斯)。“以古典神话中善琴的诗人Orpheus比喻Milán的音乐才能,将廷臣比附神话人物是文艺复兴常见的恭维手法。

第28段(P0050)

原文复述

Whom I wish were more ugly.

中文讲解

Don Diego所引诗句第二行:“唯愿他相貌更丑。“这是反讽式的恭维——以"愿他更丑"反衬其才华如此耀眼以至令人生妒,是宫廷机智应答的典型范例。

第29段(P0051)

原文复述

Said the Lady Doña Leonor Gualvez: Señor Don Diego:

中文讲解

Lady Doña Leonor Gualvez向Don Diego致意,开启新一轮诗的应答。Lady亲自介入诗乐对话,证明P0032所述"廷臣男女皆在对话中嵌入诗与歌"的现象。

第30段(P0052)

原文复述

I never saw you to have fear

中文讲解

Lady Doña Leonor应答首行:“我从未见你怯场。“针对Don Diego先前"害怕唱"之语,以诗反驳其谦辞。

第31段(P0053)

原文复述

Of any competitor,

中文讲解

Lady应答第二行:“面对任何对手。“延续首行的反诘:你说你怕,却不曾畏惧过任何竞争对手。

第32段(P0054)

原文复述

And now I see

中文讲解

Lady应答第三行:“而今我见——“转折句,引出诗的高潮。

第33段(P0055)

原文复述

That Narcissus fears Orpheus.

中文讲解

Lady应答末行:“那喀索斯(Narcissus)竟惧怕俄耳甫斯。“以神话人名继续Don Diego的隐喻——你Don Diego就是那自恋的那喀索斯,居然害怕你的对手Milán(俄耳甫斯)。这是典型的宫廷机智应答:把双方比作神话人物,既恭维又调侃。

第34段(P0056)

原文复述

Don Luis Milán said: I want to respond to Your Mercy Señora Doña Leonor, with a glosa that a lady ordered me to make on this

中文讲解

Milán再次发言:宣布将用一支glosa回应Lady Doña Leonor的应答,glosa的母题(mote)由另一位lady所指定。这直接展示P0033–P0037所描述的mote–glosa游戏如何在宫廷现场展开。

第35段(P0057)

原文复述

MOTE,

中文讲解

此为排版上的标签词,正式引出所指定的mote内容。

第36段(P0058)

原文复述

God, spare me from myself. $^{19}$

中文讲解

该mote(警句)的内容:“上帝啊,请饶恕我脱离我自己。“是一句带宗教色彩的格言,常被用作glosa的母题。脚注19标注其出处。

补充说明

这一mote的"自我求赎"主题与前段爱情致死主题形成对照,展示mote游戏的多样性——既可涉爱情,亦可涉宗教或哲理。

第37段(P0059)

原文复述

The conversations in El Cortesano often move forward by the aid of motes, creating an almost theatrical situation. And though it is unlikely that Milán is remembering exactly which motes and snippets of poetry were spoken by whom, it is clear that these courtly phrases were intended to be memorized for use at the appropriate moment. Although Milán intended that his Libro de motes, containing the parlor game, be physically present for the ladies to select motes on which the gentlemen would improvise glosses, volumes such as the huge Cancionero general, which was unwieldy to carry, would serve as a reference from which to learn and memorize. As for the song verses, though several strophes might be sung, several strophes might be sung, but it is also likely that some were not sung at all, but recited. $^{20}$

中文讲解

本段是作者对前引场景的总结性观察。《El Cortesano》中的对话常借助mote推进,营造近乎戏剧化的场景。虽然Milán未必准确记得每位人物说过哪些mote与诗片段,但这些宫廷套话显然是要被记住以备适时使用。Milán希望《Libro de motes》实体在座以便夫人挑选mote供廷臣即兴glosa;而体量庞大的《Cancionero general》不便携带,作为参考书供学习与背诵之用。至于歌诗片段,虽有数节可唱,但多半可能仅是朗诵而已。脚注20标注此观察来源。

补充说明

本段的关键解释在于揭示"诗—乐的可替换性”:同一段诗既可唱亦可诵,其媒介取决于场合需要——这与P0037"canción在Milán笔下似更多被朗诵"的判断相互印证。

第38段(P0060)

原文复述

Lucas Gracián Dantisco’s courtesy manual Galateo español addresses the social style needs of a larger segment of society than courtiers. $^{21}$ His work, a translation and adaptation of the Italian Galateo of Giovanni Della Casa, $^{22}$ promulgates the importance of conversation that is appropriate, both as short *motes* and longer discussions, and the ability to make music. In chapter 4, “On the manner in which one should speak,” Dantisco advocates an ability to converse on many topics, at an

中文讲解

本段引入另一部礼仪手册:Lucas Gracián Dantisco的《Galateo español》,其服务对象比廷臣更广泛,涵盖更广的社会阶层。该书翻译并改编自意大利Giovanni Della Casa的《Galateo》,主张得体的交谈(包括短mote与较长讨论)以及具备演奏音乐的能力。第4章"论言谈之礼"倡导在多种话题上以适度深度交谈的能力。脚注21、22标注该书及其意大利来源。

第39段(P0061)

原文复述

This content downloaded from 140.182.176.13 on Tue, 21 Jul 2026 21:42:14 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

中文讲解

JSTOR下载与使用条款声明,属页面页脚。

第40段(P0062)

原文复述

appropriate level of depth, all the while employing polite speech. $^{23}$ And though he addresses the use of well-chosen aphorisms and jokes (motes and burlas), he also discusses the importance of extended conversation (hablar continuado). $^{24}$ Dantisco’s discussion of music falls in his chapter regarding “Those who are given to poetry without having enough talent.” $^{25}$ Cautions against poor-quality poetry ensue, followed by Dantisco’s claim: “Because it is not my intention to make a cancionero here, nor an art of poetry, I will convey much of the good that has been written in antiquity and modern times.” $^{26}$ His union of poetry and music falls in the continuum that appears in Milán’s courtiers who speak in motes and pieces of songs, and in the abundance of cancioneros that blossomed in the sixteenth century containing more than just song texts. Ultimately, his advice is to know one’s limits and talents, and do that which is appropriate.

中文讲解

承接上段,本段进一步说明Dantisco的细致主张:他倡导在礼貌言辞下就众多话题作适度深度的交谈;除短小警句与玩笑(motes与burlas)外,还讨论较长交谈(hablar continuado)的重要性。Dantisco关于音乐的论述置于其"论缺乏足够才华却从事诗歌者"一章,先警示劣质诗歌之弊,再声明"我无意在此作cancionero或诗艺之作,我将转述古今优秀诗篇之精华”。其诗乐合一的论述与Milán笔下廷臣以mote和歌曲片段说话的情形、以及十六世纪大量cancioneros的繁荣(不仅含歌词)形成连续谱。最终建议是:认清自身局限与才能,做合宜之事。脚注23–26标注各引文及主张来源。

补充说明

本段将Dantisco的修养观与Milán的宫廷实践对照,强调"诗乐合一"在书面手册与口头实践两个层面并行存在。同时,“cancioneros不仅含歌词"提示十六世纪该文类兼具诗选、箴言、游戏素材等多元功能。

第41段(P0063)

原文复述

Quality of sources and appropriateness of material are at the heart of Dantisco’s work: later in his chapter on poets, he assists the reader in assessing what to learn in the way of poetry and music, emphasizing the value of drawing from the best: “Of the many, ancient as well as modern, clearly good books and cancioneros of famous and lauded poets there are many that I can recommend to the discerning reader.” $^{27}$ Similarly, quality of sources and appropriateness of music are also advocated for princes and others wishing to be so guided by the moralist Francisco de Monzón who, in his Espejo del principe Christiano, instructs the reader that there are three types of music to know: common and base (usual y baxo), feminine (effeminado), and just and praiseworthy (licito y loable), the last of which he says is in accordance with the ideas advanced by Ptolemy, Nicomachus, St. Augustine, and Boethius. For Monzón, the music discussed by ancient authority is worthy of attention. Music that is feminine, he says, though better than that which is base, common, and sometimes dirty and obscene, is suspect for moving one’s emotions in amorous directions and to thoughts of carnal pleasure, and has been known to corrupt otherwise honest women. $^{28}$ Monzón does not offer specifics of pieces or composers worthy of praise or blame.

中文讲解

本段说明来源品质与材料适宜性是Dantisco工作的核心:在诗人那一章后部,他协助读者评估诗乐应学习的内容,强调取材于最佳;引文显示他向"有识读者"推荐古今著名诗人的优秀cancioneros。同样,Francisco de Monzón的道德论著作《Espejo del principe Christiano》也向王子及读者倡导来源品质与音乐之适宜性,将音乐分为三类:庸常而低下(usual y baxo)、柔弱/女性化(effeminado)、公正且值得赞颂(licito y loable)。最后一类他宣称与Ptolemy、Nicomachus、圣奥古斯丁和Boethius的主张相符。Monzón认为古代权威所论之音乐值得关注;柔弱类音乐虽优于庸常、污秽之乐,但因煽动爱欲、导向肉欲并曾腐蚀清白妇女而可疑。脚注27、28分别标注两处引文。段末点明:Monzón并未提供具体应赞或应贬之曲目或作曲家。

补充说明

Ptolemy、Nicomachus、St. Augustine、Boethius为古代至中世纪音乐理论权威谱系;Monzón援引他们,是为"公正音乐"提供古典权威背书,与Dantisco"取材于最佳"形成互证——两人共同主张"修养"应建立在经过甄选的权威来源之上。

脚注 / 边栏 / 图表 / 附加信息(如有)

本节所引脚注(11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、20、21、22、23、24、25、26、27、28)大部分支持具体数字、文献出处或文本引文。其中脚注14为signora Emilia应答之文本来源;脚注15为Gásser关于Milán借琴之观察;脚注19为mote"上帝啊,请饶恕我脱离我自己"的出处;脚注20支持"诗段亦被朗诵"的判断。脚注21、22分别标注Galateo español及其意大利原作Galateo的来源;脚注27、28为Dantisco与Monzón两段引文出处。本节无图、无表、无乐谱;P0034–P0036为诗节结构公式,以排版形式展示glosa形式。

💡 本节核心要点

  1. 十五至十六世纪西班牙新贵族阶层因1469年费迪南德与伊莎贝拉联姻及随后的封爵而膨胀,他们通过接受教育、创作爱情诗、赞助艺术家等方式确立身份合法性,催生了对专业音乐家及自身宫廷修养的双重需要。
  2. 卡斯蒂廖内《Il Cortegiano》(1528;西译1534)通过signora Emilia的机智应答提示:commonplace books是宫廷人士即兴应答的物质基础,“无话可说"实为修养不足。
  3. Luis Milán的《El Cortesano》(1561)展示巴伦西亚廷臣以mote与glosa游戏推动对话,男女皆频繁嵌入诗与歌;Milán作为维韦拉琴家保持业余姿态——借琴表演以避免与职业乐师混淆。
  4. 西班牙glosa诗体以原文本末行依次成为各诗节尾句为形式规则,mote通常一至两行;canción形式似villancico而叠句更短,本用于演唱,在Milán笔下被实际朗诵,体现诗乐的可互换性。
  5. Dantisco的《Galateo español》将礼仪规范扩展至更广社会阶层,强调礼貌交谈(motes与hablar continuado)、音乐能力及对来源品质的甄选,与十六世纪cancioneros的多功能性质相呼应。
  6. Monzón的《Espejo del principe Christiano》将音乐三分(庸常/柔弱/公正),援引Ptolemy至Boethius的古典权威谱系,主张"公正且值得赞颂"的音乐方合乎王子之教化;柔弱音乐因煽动爱欲、腐蚀妇女而受疑。

🔑 关键术语

  • commonplace book:摘记簿,文艺复兴时期人文主义者与宫廷人士用于积累可引用之警句、轶事、诗料的工具;本节中signora Emilia的机智应答暗示此类摘记的丰富储备是宫廷即兴应答的物质基础。
  • mote:西班牙宫廷中常用的一行或两行格言,常带有神秘色彩,作为glosa游戏的母题;与burlas(玩笑)共同构成宫廷短小应答的修辞单位。
  • glosa:西班牙诗歌形式,对mote作诗体注解,每一诗节末行依序取自原文本各行(如A–B–C对应X-Y-Z-A、X′-Y′-Z′-B、X″-Y″-Z″-C);是宫廷"应答诗"的典型形式约束。
  • villancico / canción:西班牙诗歌—音乐形式,均有叠句与coplas;canción形式似villancico但叠句更短,本用于演唱,在Milán笔下多作为朗诵诗出现,体现诗乐媒介的可互换性。
  • cancionero:十六世纪西班牙盛行的歌曲—诗选集,常兼收歌词、警句、游戏素材及诗乐论述,超越单纯的"歌曲文本"范畴;如Hernando del Castillo的《Cancionero general》是当时体量庞大的印刷诗乐汇编。
  • Galateo español / Galateo:Lucas Gracián Dantisco翻译并改编自意大利Giovanni Della Casa《Galateo》的西班牙礼仪手册;将礼仪规范扩展至宫廷以外的更广社会阶层,主张礼貌交谈、音乐能力及对来源品质的甄选。

S1.4 [描述性拆分] 转向印刷音乐与社会章节

第1段(P0064)

原文复述

How influential these treatises, or others like them, may have been is perhaps reflected in Don Quixote. Cervantes paints a sonic landscape that is riddled with spontaneously produced poetry and song that seems to reflect the use of these books of songs and motes. And just as the ability to toss clever phrases into a discussion was an admired skill, so too was that of inserting music into polite conversation and social situations. Furthermore, the ability to do so apparently was expected of people with a certain degree of education. This need for the educated, rising aristocratic, and even middle and merchant classes, as well as professional musicians seeking employment, to produce music appropriate to any occasion,

中文讲解

本段把塞万提斯的《堂吉诃德》当作文化证据,用来衡量前文所提到的那些论文/曲集(treatises)在社会上的实际影响力。作者指出,《堂吉诃德》所呈现的’声音景观’中充满了即兴产生的诗歌与歌唱——这种随时随地冒出歌曲的描写,正是歌曲集(books of songs)与短小曲调(motes)被广泛使用的文学回响。接着作者作了一个类比:在社交场合中能抛出一句妙语被视为受人欣赏的技能,同样地,在礼貌谈话和社交场合里插入音乐也是一种被推崇的能力。作者进一步强调,这种能力是被期待具备的——它不仅属于职业音乐家,受过教育的人、上升期的贵族、乃至中产与商人阶层都被期待能即席奏乐。从句法上看,本段并未结束,末尾以逗号收束(’to produce music appropriate to any occasion,’),真正的谓语要到下一段才出现。

补充说明

本段中’motes’与’books of songs’并列出现,从上下文看指的是与歌曲集配套流通的短小曲调或音乐片段;该词在本节中的更精确所指无法从当前输入进一步确认,故不补充外部解释。

第2段(P0065)

原文复述

This content downloaded from 140.182.176.13 on Tue, 21 Jul 2026 21:42:14 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

中文讲解

此段为JSTOR平台自动生成的标准下载声明,包含下载来源IP地址(140.182.176.13)、下载时间戳(2026年7月21日 21:42:14 UTC)以及使用条款链接(https://about.jstor.org/terms)。它属于网页/数据库的版面元素,不包含任何学术论证内容,对理解本节主题没有贡献。

第3段(P0066)

原文复述

precipitated the division of these vihuela prints into discrete, clearly labeled “books.”

中文讲解

此段虽短,却是P0064未完成句子的谓语部分。语法上,主语是P0064末尾的’This need…to produce music appropriate to any occasion’(即社会对’在各种场合奏出合宜音乐’的需求),动词是’precipitated’(促成/直接导致)。由此作者提出一个关键的因果主张:正是这种社会层面的需求,直接促成了维韦拉(vihuela)印刷品被划分为若干独立且明确标示的’书’(books)。值得注意的论证方向是——不是印刷出版先塑造了音乐文化,而是社会对音乐能力的期待反过来推动了印刷品的组织形态。这是本节小至一段、大至论证链的枢纽命题。

第4段(P0067)

原文复述

Printed Music and Spanish Society

中文讲解

这是Markdown格式的二级小节标题,英文原文为’Printed Music and Spanish Society’(印刷音乐与西班牙社会)。它标志着论述视角的转换:从此前对曲集/论文本身影响力的讨论,转向考察印刷音乐与西班牙社会之间的整体关系。P0064–P0066已经提出’社会需求驱动了维韦拉印刷品的分册方式’这一因果命题,本标题提示下文将围绕这一社会维度展开更系统的论述。

脚注 / 边栏 / 图表 / 附加信息(如有)

本小节范围内包含两类非正文版面元素:(1)P0065为JSTOR自动生成的标准下载声明(包含IP地址、UTC时间戳与使用条款链接),不承载任何学术信息;(2)P0067为Markdown二级小节标题’Printed Music and Spanish Society’,仅起论题转换的标引作用。段落中没有脚注、图表、谱例或边栏材料。

💡 本节核心要点

  1. 作者把《堂吉诃德》中密集出现即兴诗歌与歌唱的’声音景观’解读为歌曲集与短曲在社会上被广泛使用的文学佐证。
  2. 作者将’在谈话中抛妙语’与’在社交场合插入音乐’并列为受推崇的社交技能,强调音乐能力的社会嵌入性。
  3. 奏乐能力并非职业音乐家的专利,受过教育者、上升期贵族、中产与商人阶层都被期待具备这种能力。
  4. 本节的核心因果命题:社会对’在各种场合奏出合宜音乐’的需求,直接促成了维韦拉印刷品被划分为若干独立、明确标示的’书’。
  5. 这一因果方向具有方法论意义——是社会需求塑造了印刷的组织形态,而非印刷反过来塑造音乐文化。
  6. 小节标题’Printed Music and Spanish Society’预告了从曲集影响力转向印刷音乐与西班牙社会整体关系的论述。

🔑 关键术语

  • motes:本节中与’books of songs’并列出现的术语,指与歌曲集配套流通的短小曲调或音乐片段;从《堂吉诃德》中’自发性歌唱’的描写来看,它指向社交场合中即兴可用的微型音乐单位。其更精确的谱例定位在当前输入中无法进一步确认。
  • vihuela prints:为维韦拉(西班牙文艺复兴时期的拨弦乐器)印行的乐谱出版物;‘prints’一词强调其为印刷出版品而非手抄本。
  • “books”(带引号的books):维韦拉印刷品中独立、明确标示的分册单位;作者使用引号提示这是一个被重新定义的组织范畴——它既是出版物的物理分册,也是对社会音乐需求的功能性回应。
  • treatises:本节中承接前文,指前述包含歌曲、短曲与教学内容的曲集/论文类出版物,作者以’These treatises, or others like them’统称之。

S1.5 [描述性拆分] Printed Music and Spanish Society

第1段(P0068)

原文复述

Two important features of commonplace books are found in the vihuela prints: the arrangement of materials by type with appropriate headings and the emphasis on works by authorities. What the musician would be looking for in these collections would be works of authority—that is, by composers of general renown—that, in learning and committing them to memory, would give them something to say musically. Ultimately, if the user became proficient, these materials would provide the models for their own compositions or improvisations. The arrangement of the pieces by genre with appropriate, easy-to-navigate headings would, like the arrangement of aphorisms by topic in commonplace books, afford the user quick access to the type of piece needed. Such categorizations distinguish these books from general anthologies, such as that of Venegas de Henestrosa (discussed below), which may contain a mix of things but not carefully ordered and labeled by genre. Although the organization of these books is striking in their nearly uniform adoption of genre as the determining factor, the ordering of those genres, and the views of what types of things belong together, are not as regular. The books no doubt indicate genre categories that the authors themselves would find useful, as well as those they perceived to be needed by their purchasers.

中文讲解

本段的核心主张是:西班牙维韦拉琴曲谱(vihuela prints)在编排思路上承袭了文艺复兴时期常见的“commonplace book”(常识手册/格言汇编)传统,具体体现在两点——按体裁分类并配以明确标题,以及优先收录权威作曲家的作品。作者指出,使用者学习并背诵这些权威作品,是为了在音乐表达中“有话可说”,并最终将它们作为自己作曲或即兴演奏的范本。按体裁分门别类并附以易查的标题,等同于把谚语格言按主题归类,使读者能迅速定位所需曲目。这种分类法把维韦拉琴谱与像 Venegas de Henestrosa 那样的“通用选集”(anthology)区分开来——后者虽内容混杂,却未按体裁严格排序与标注。值得注意的是,作者强调“按体裁作为决定因素”在各谱集中高度一致,但“体裁之间的先后顺序”与“哪些曲目归为同类”的处理却并不统一;这反映了编者既按自己的实用需要,也按他们对购买者需求的判断来划分类目。本段为小节奠定了基调:维韦拉琴谱并非单纯的音乐文献,而是带有明确教学、查找与模仿功能的人文学科式汇编。

补充说明

本段为下文具体讨论各谱集的分类方式与读者群体做了概念铺垫:先确立“按体裁+权威作品”这一双重标准,再以 Venegas de Henestrosa 的选集作为反例,从而引出对该选集以及 Luis Milán、Antonio de Cabezón 等人谱集结构的具体比较。

第2段(P0069)

原文复述

Recent archival research reveals that the possible consumers of vihuela books were likely an eclectic group, including amateur and professional musicians, and both men and women. John Griffiths notes that the identities are known of 180 vihuelists of Renaissance Spain, and he estimates the number of stringed instruments such as vihuela de manos and guitars made in sixteenth-century Spain at 150,000, attesting to the instrument’s popularity among amateurs as well as professionals. He goes on to note that the vihuela was “associated with church life,” and that “close to 20 percent of the population of Spanish cities such as Valladolid” were clerics.

中文讲解

本段依据 John Griffiths 的档案研究,勾勒出维韦拉琴谱潜在的读者群体:业余与专业音乐人皆有,且不分男女。Griffiths 提供了两条关键量化证据——其一,文艺复兴时期西班牙有姓名可考的维韦拉琴演奏者达 180 人;其二,他估计十六世纪西班牙制造的弦乐器(包括 vihuela de manos 与吉他)多达 15 万件,二者共同表明该乐器在业余与专业圈层中均很普及。Griffiths 还指出维韦拉琴与“教会生活”(church life)关系密切,并提到瓦亚多利德等城市约 20% 的人口是神职人员。这最后一条数字为下一段关于“将近三分之一曲目原为礼仪用途”的论断埋下伏笔:维韦拉琴的流通与教会人口规模之间存在结构性关联。本段的功能是为讨论维韦拉琴谱的读者画像提供经验基础,强调其读者群的多元性与教会属性。

补充说明

本段脚注 29 的存在提示读者:关于 180 位演奏者姓名、15 万件弦乐器的估计以及“20% 神职人员比例”这些数据,均可在 Griffiths 的研究中找到原始出处。

第3段(P0070)

原文复述

Accordingly, nearly one-third of the music contained in the printed vihuela books was originally composed for liturgical use and is a clear reflection of the intellectual and artistic leadership from church musicians as well as an indication of broader pathways of dissemination. Outside the Church, religious music adapted for the vihuela was a pastime and a didactic tool for learning about the music of leading composers, and intabulations served to transmit this music more widely than would otherwise have been possible.

中文讲解

承接上段“教会人口众多”的观察,本段给出关键定量结论:维韦拉琴谱中将近三分之一的曲目原本是为礼仪用途而作,这既反映了教会音乐家在智识与艺术上的领导地位,也揭示了这些曲目向外传播的途径。在教堂之外,被改编为维韦拉琴曲的宗教音乐兼具两种功能——业余消遣,以及学习名家作品的教材。Intabulation(把原本为声乐或其他乐器写的音乐改编为键盘或维韦拉琴曲谱的实践)则让这些音乐得以超出原本的传播范围。理解本段的关键在于把握“礼仪作曲—世俗改编—更广传播”这一链条:曲谱中收录的礼仪音乐并非孤立现象,而是借助维韦拉琴这种世俗乐器,被再传播到更广泛的人群中。

补充说明

本段脚注 30 应为支持“intabulations 扩大传播”这一主张的学术出处。

第4段(P0071)

原文复述

This content downloaded from 140.182.176.13 on Tue, 21 Jul 2026 21:42:14 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

中文讲解

此段为 JSTOR 电子版的页脚/版权声明模板,标明下载来源 IP、下载时间,并提示使用须遵守 about.jstor.org/terms 的条款。它不承载实质学术内容,但在版面上隔开了 P0070 与 P0072 两段正文。

第5段(P0072)

原文复述

According to postmortem inventories from sixteenth-century Valladolid, a city notable for the publication of vihuela books and other books of music, both men and women owned vihuelas, and some persons owned several instruments. It is likely that the owners themselves played them, but payments made to vihuelists by individuals indicate a need for professionals as well. Payments made by the city to musicos, though a vague term, might have included vihuela players and almost certainly included musicians of loud instruments for civic occasions. The records also show payments to music teachers, some with unspecified duties, but other payments were clearly made to teach students “to read and write music, to sing canto de órgano (polyphony) and to play the shawm” or “to read plain-song and mensural notation as well as teaching him to play a polyphonic part on the viol.” Such evidence suggests that both the amateur and professional musicians of Valladolid provided a strong market for vihuela prints.

中文讲解

本段以瓦亚多利德城十六世纪的“遗产清册”(postmortem inventories)为核心证据,进一步落实维韦拉琴谱的市场基础。遗产记录显示,无论男女都拥有维韦拉琴,部分人甚至拥有数件——这佐证了上段关于业余爱好者众多的判断。值得注意的是:拥有者很可能自己演奏,但私人向 vihuelists 支付报酬的记录表明也存在专业演奏的市场。城市向“musicos”一词支付的报酬虽含义模糊,可能包含维韦拉琴演奏者,但几乎可以肯定也涵盖了为市政典礼演奏的“强音乐器”(loud instruments)乐师。档案中还可见到向音乐教师付款的记录:有的职责不明,但有的明确包括教学生“读谱与写谱、唱 canto de órgano(复调)以及演奏沙尔管(shawm)”,或“读素歌与有量记谱(mensural notation)并教其在维奥尔琴上演奏复调声部”。作者据此总结:瓦亚多利德的业余与专业音乐人共同构成了维韦拉琴曲谱的强劲市场。本段的关键是让读者认识到,曲谱的市场并非只靠单一读者群支撑,而是被多元的“演奏—教学—市政仪式”需求共同托起。

补充说明

本段脚注 31 应支撑瓦亚多利德遗嘱档案中的具体支付记录。Canto de órgano、shawm、plain-song、mensural notation 与 viol 等术语的具体含义可借助本节后文及上下文理解:canto de órgano 指复调歌唱;mensural notation 为有量记谱法;viol 与 shawm 则分别为弦乐与木管乐器。

第6段(P0073)

原文复述

Improvising on the vihuela was an important feature of courtly life in Renaissance Spain, and the plethora of surviving song texts that lack specific music points to a robust culture of song improvisation as well. In addition to the frequent use of formulaic patterns, including bass lines and harmonic structures, the use of alfabeto notation in some cancioneros implies that the performer would work out some sort of additional accompaniment, or elaboration, beyond the sometimes spartan chord indications, and perhaps an improvised melody. The songs that Luis Milán sings in El Cortesano may have been improvised, but they also may have been memorized, or have been a hybrid of the two. Renaissance learning emphasized memorization, from which students would eventually generate their own works, and it was a highly regarded skill. The vihuela prints provided materials to be learned and memorized whole, but they also were used as the basis for improvisations or other musical excursions from the original.

中文讲解

本段从“宫廷生活”与“歌曲文本多于实际乐谱”这一现象入手,论证维韦拉琴演奏中即兴传统之深厚:大量歌词流传却少有对应旋律留存,恰恰反推出即兴歌唱文化的盛行。除常见的固定模式(如固定低音线与和声结构)外,部分 cancionero 中使用的 alfabeto 记谱法(用字母/符号指示和弦)暗示演奏者会在简略的和弦标记之上,自行添加伴奏、加花乃至即兴旋律。Luis Milán 在《El Cortesano》中所唱的歌可能是即兴的、可能是事先背诵的,也可能是二者混合——这一不确定性本身揭示了文艺复兴音乐实践中“写定”与“即兴”的界限本来就模糊。文艺复兴的教学特别强调“背诵”,认为学生由此才能最终创作出自己的作品,背诵本身被视为一种备受推崇的能力。维韦拉琴曲谱在功能上因此具有双重性:一方面供整体学习与背诵,另一方面充当即兴或在其他方向上发挥的起点。理解本段需注意:曲谱并不是“原曲的封闭容器”,而是“通往即兴创作的跳板”。

补充说明

本段脚注 32 与 33 分别支撑“歌曲文本多于实际乐谱”这一现象以及 alfabeto 记谱法与即兴之间的关联。

第7段(P0074)

原文复述

In the forty-two years spanning 1536–78, nine books of instrumental music were published in Spain. Containing nearly nine hundred compositions (although some are reprinted in several collections), these prints hold a substantial portion of the surviving music of sixteenth-century Spain. Such heavy weighting on the side of instrumental music reflects its popularity but also points to the probable loss of many vocal works. Six of these prints for vihuela include division into discrete parts with individual headings, and some announce the sectional construction in their titles. Of the other three, El Maestro by Luis Milán (1536), is in two parts, although they do not include separate headings. Libro de música en cifras (1578) of Antonio de Cabezón is not in separate books but does have internal headings, and Libro de cifra nueva of Venegas de Henestrosa

中文讲解

本段以出版数据勾勒出十六世纪西班牙乐器音乐的整体规模:1536–1578 这四十二年间共出版了九部乐器音乐曲谱,收录近 900 首作品(部分重复收录于不同集子),在现存十六世纪西班牙音乐中占了相当大的比重。作者提醒读者,这种“器乐偏重”一方面反映了器乐的流行,另一方面也提示我们大量声乐作品很可能已经散佚——幸存偏差(survival bias)使我们对当时音乐生态的认知有所扭曲。九部曲谱中,有六部维韦拉琴谱均分作若干独立部分并配有各自标题,部分曲谱甚至在书名中就宣告了这种分卷结构。其余三部中,Luis Milán 的《El Maestro》(1536)虽分两部,但未设独立标题;Antonio de Cabezón 的《Libro de música en cifras》(1578)未分卷却设有内部标题;Venegas de Henestrosa 的《Libro de cifra nueva》(1557)则按体裁编排但无标题或专门分卷。本段功能是把“曲谱如何分类、是否有标题”落实为可量化的出版事实,为下文进一步比较做铺垫。

补充说明

本段末尾句子在原文被截断,延续至下一段 P0076 开头。脚注 34 应支撑 1536–78 年间九部西班牙器乐曲谱的统计。

第8段(P0075)

原文复述

This content downloaded from 140.182.176.13 on Tue, 21 Jul 2026 21:42:14 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

中文讲解

此段为 JSTOR 电子版的页脚/版权声明模板,版面功能上隔开 P0074 与 P0076 两段正文,不含学术信息。

第9段(P0076)

原文复述

(1557) is arranged by genre but without headings or specific sections. Arte nouamente inuentada pera aprender a tanger (Newly invented method for learning to play [keyboard]) by the Spaniard Gonzalo de Baena, published in Lisbon in 1540, reveals its didactic purpose in its title and makes a good comparison with the others. These prints are similar to contemporary collections of printed instrumental music from countries other than Spain in their lack of division into books. This is not to say that other collections of varied genres are not ordered, and it is easy to find examples of them. For instance, Hans Gerle divided his Musica und Tabulatur (1546) into sections determined by the instruments for which the works are intended, either viola da gamba ensemble or lute solo. Guillaume Morlaye, in 1552, published his first book of chansons and dances and, though grouped by genre, it is a single “book.” In the same year, Morlaye published a collection of instrumental music divided, like Gerle’s, into pieces for solo guitar and solo cittern. Pierre Phalèse’s Hortus Musarum, also from 1552, is a large collection with contents showing the same diversity as that of the Spanish prints, but though they are loosely grouped by genre, there are no specific headings to assist the user in finding what is being sought. These are but a few examples of the many other orderings of sixteenth-century printed instrumental music books that lack the Spanish works’ more clearly articulated division and identification by genre. Among the various types of collections of printed music, those that are anthologies, especially anthologies containing all, or nearly all, of the most common genres of the time, are less common than prints of single genres, or of a few related ones.

中文讲解

本段先完成对 P0074 中 Venegas de Henestrosa《Libro de cifra nueva》(1557)的描述:该曲谱按体裁编排,但没有标题或独立分卷。紧接着引出 Gonzalo de Baena 的《Arte nouamente inuentada pera aprender a tanger》(1540 年于里斯本出版),书名直接显示其教学目的,可与其他维韦拉琴谱形成良好对照。接下来,作者将视野拓展至西班牙之外的同类出版:指出这些西班牙曲谱在“不分卷”这一点上与他国当时的器乐曲谱相似,但作者随即强调——“不分卷”并不等于“无序”,他国外同样有清晰编排的例子:Hans Gerle 的《Musica und Tabulatur》(1546)按演奏乐器(维奥尔琴合奏或鲁特琴独奏)分节;Guillaume Morlaye 1552 年的 chanson 与舞曲集虽按体裁分组,却仍是单一的“卷”;同年他另一部曲谱则像 Gerle 那样按独奏吉他与独奏锡特琴分类;Pierre Phalèse 的《Hortus Musarum》(1552)内容庞杂与西班牙曲谱相当,虽大致按体裁分组,却无具体标题辅助查找。作者总结:十六世纪其他地区印刷的器乐曲谱在编排上多数不及西班牙曲谱那样“明确按体裁划分与标注”。最后,作者提出一个更宏观的观察:在各类印刷音乐集中,真正的“全集”——尤其是涵盖当时几乎所有常见体裁的选集——其实比单一或少数相关体裁的曲谱更少见。理解本段的关键,是把“西班牙曲谱的编排特点”放进一个跨国比较的语境中,既看到共性(不分卷),也看到特性(按体裁显式标注)。

补充说明

本段脚注 35、36、37、38、39 分别支撑 Baena、Gerle、Morlaye 两部曲谱以及 Phalèse 的出版与编排细节。

第10段(P0077)

原文复述

Each of the Spanish vihuela prints contains a range of pieces, from purely instrumental works such as fantasias to vocal works with instrumental accompaniment. Each collection includes a short introduction with various and rudimentary instructions in music, explaining at least the notation, but also might address aspects of the instrument, such as tuning, stringing, and playing it, or issues of tempo. Other instructions appear as well, varying from book to book. The prefaces give practical information for readers to assist them in using the books, but not in any comprehensive sense. The preface may offer praise for music, and for learning it, couching these discussions in lavish invocations of great musicians and philosophers of the past, implicitly and explicitly encouraging the students to persevere in their work so that they may join these illustrious ranks, or at least gain personal enrichment. In reality, it is difficult to believe that the books could be effective when used alone, such as most self-help books intend. Nor is there much information regarding how to sing, despite the fact that many of the contents of these books are vocal works. The didactic purpose is therefore clearly not for beginning music study, or perhaps even beginning vihuela study. Indeed, the consumer’s musical and language literacy is assumed, evidenced by the presence of mensural notation in several of the works, placed without explanations of how to read it, and lengthy prefaces. Cost, social needs, literacy requirements, and the authors’ backgrounds argue that the books were designed for a wide clientele, though one that was literate on several levels.

中文讲解

本段聚焦西班牙维韦拉琴谱的“教学属性”究竟有多强。每部曲谱既收录纯器乐曲(如 fantasias),也收录带乐器伴奏的声乐曲;每部曲谱都附有一段简短的序言,提供一些基础性指导——至少讲解记谱法,也可能涉及调弦、上弦、演奏法或速度处理等具体问题;不同曲谱间还存在其他零散指导。然而序言提供的实用信息并不系统:它常常赞颂音乐与学习本身,援引历史上的伟大音乐家与哲学家,以华丽辞藻鼓励学生坚持学习,以期跻身名家之列或获得个人修养的提升。作者直言:若像多数自助类书籍那样“仅凭书自学”,这些曲谱实际效果相当有限。再者,尽管许多曲谱内容是声乐作品,其中关于如何演唱的信息却寥寥无几。因此,本段的关键结论是:曲谱的教学目的显然并非面向“音乐入门”,甚至可能也不是“维韦拉琴入门”。读者群体的音乐素养与语言素养被默认为已具备——证据在于曲谱中常出现有量记谱(mensural notation)却未附阅读说明,且序言本身冗长。综合成本、社会需求、识字要求以及编者背景这些因素,作者判断:这些曲谱是为一个广泛但“多层级识字”的客户群设计的——他们既非完全外行,也非行家。本段功能是把前面的“市场分析”与“编排分析”落到“曲谱实际可用性”与“读者预设能力”这一更细致的判断上。

补充说明

本段脚注 40 应为支撑“仅凭书自学效果有限”这一判断的学术出处。

脚注 / 边栏 / 图表 / 附加信息(如有)

本小节涉及的脚注集中在 P0069(脚注 29,Griffiths 关于演奏者人数与乐器数量的统计)、P0070(脚注 30,关于 intabulation 扩大传播的论断)、P0072(脚注 31,瓦亚多利德遗嘱与支付记录)、P0073(脚注 32、33,关于歌曲文本多于实际乐谱的现象以及 alfabeto 记谱)、P0074(脚注 34,1536–78 年间九部西班牙器乐曲谱的统计)、P0076(脚注 35–39,分别涉及 Baena、Gerle、Morlaye 两部曲谱以及 Phalèse 的出版与编排)、P0077(脚注 40,关于“仅凭书自学效果有限”的判断)。这些脚注整体上承担两类作用:其一,提供具体的统计与档案出处(P0069、P0072、P0074);其二,为跨国比较与读者素养判断提供文献支撑(P0076、P0077)。本小节无独立插图、表格或乐谱。

💡 本节核心要点

  1. 维韦拉琴谱承袭了“commonplace book”的传统:以体裁分类配以明确标题,并优先收录权威作曲家的作品,使读者能够快速查找、学习并将其作为作曲或即兴的范本,这与 Venegas de Henestrosa 那样的通用选集形成对照。
  2. 曲谱读者群是多元的:依据档案可知涵盖男女、业余与专业演奏者,十六世纪西班牙制造的弦乐器估计达 15 万件,且与教会生活密切相关(瓦亚多利德等城市约 20% 人口为神职人员)。
  3. 维韦拉琴谱中近三分之一的曲目原为礼仪用途,反映了教会音乐家的领导地位;intabulation 则把这些宗教音乐改编到维韦拉琴上,使其传播范围超出原本的礼仪场合。
  4. 瓦亚多利德的遗嘱与市政支付记录表明,市场由私人演奏、教学与市政典礼三重需求共同支撑;其中既包含学习记谱、唱复调、奏沙尔管与维奥尔琴的私人教学,也包含“musicos”这一含义模糊但几乎涵盖强音乐器的市政报酬。
  5. 即兴演奏是维韦拉琴文化的核心维度:歌曲文本多于实际乐谱、alfabeto 记谱法的存在、以及文艺复兴对“背诵—生成”这一学习路径的推崇,共同说明曲谱既是“被记忆的整体”,也是“被即兴延展的起点”。
  6. 1536–1578 年间共出版九部西班牙器乐曲谱、约 900 首作品,但幸存偏差提示大量声乐作品可能已散佚;六部维韦拉琴谱设有独立分卷与标题,而 Luis Milán、Cabezón、Venegas、Baena 等曲谱或缺标题、或仅按体裁编排,呈现出编排方式的多样性。
  7. 与德、法、低地国家的同期印刷器乐集相比,西班牙维韦拉琴谱在“按体裁显式划分与标注”这一点上更为突出;真正的“跨体裁全集”在十六世纪印刷音乐中其实比单一体裁或少数相关体裁的曲谱更少见。
  8. 曲谱序言包含基础记谱与乐器说明并赞颂音乐与学习,但缺乏系统的演唱与演奏指导,mensural notation 直接出现而无阅读说明,可见读者预设已具备音乐与语言层面的多重识字能力——这是一套为“多层级识字”的广泛客户群而设计的教材。

🔑 关键术语

  • commonplace book:文艺复兴时期常见的一类手册,把格言、警句、典型范例按主题归类并附以标题以便检索。本节借这一类比说明维韦拉琴谱的编排逻辑:按体裁分类、配以标题、收录权威作品。
  • vihuela (de manos):十六世纪西班牙流行的拨弦乐器,与吉他相近但形制不同,本节讨论的印刷曲谱大多为该乐器所用。
  • intabulation:把原本为声乐或其他乐器写作的音乐改编为键盘或维韦拉琴曲谱的实践,本节用来解释礼仪音乐如何经由维韦拉琴谱获得更广的传播。
  • alfabeto notation:用字母或符号标记和弦的简化记谱法,常出现于西班牙 cancionero 中;本节指出它只给出“简略的和弦指示”,因此暗示演奏者需要自行补足伴奏、加花乃至即兴旋律。
  • canto de órgano:即复调歌唱,本节出现在瓦亚多利德教学支付记录中,作为衡量当时音乐教学内容的关键词。
  • mensural notation:有量记谱法,以不同时值的符号记录节奏。本节指出曲谱中常直接使用而不附说明,作为“读者已具备音乐素养”的证据之一。
  • cancionero:西班牙语的歌曲/歌词集,本节特别指其中只标字母和弦、留给演奏者大量即兴空间的类型。
  • fantasia:一种纯器乐体裁,本节作为西班牙维韦拉琴谱所收录的器乐曲类型的代表出现。

S1.6 [描述性拆分] 维韦拉印刷品的内部结构与教学法

第1段(P0078)

原文复述

This content downloaded from 140.182.176.13 on Tue, 21 Jul 2026 21:42:14 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

中文讲解

本段并非正文,而是JSTOR平台的下载与版权声明页脚,标明本文从IP地址140.182.176.13于2026年7月21日下载,并提示读者须遵守JSTOR的使用条款。在学术文献引用中此类信息通常不计入正文论证,但其存在表明作者使用的是JSTOR电子数据库中的版本。

补充说明

本页脚信息与本节论证内容无直接关联,仅作为版本来源的标识。

第2段(P0079)

原文复述

Although it falls outside of the group of genre-ordered collections, Milán’s vihuela book deserves comment. The work indicates its didactic purpose in the title, El Maestro: the book itself is the master teacher, and Milán states that the book teaches in the same way a teacher would. He also notes that the student is a beginner on vihuela, but not necessarily music because, he says, the student should know mensural music: “And in order to understand well all I have said to you [in the introductory explanations], it is necessary for you to know canto; because, in knowing how necessary canto is, you will know how difficult what I have said to you is.” Indeed, to understand his tuning directions, the student should have knowledge of intervals and solmization, although Milán also offers a method of tuning using stopped strings to determine, by unisons or octaves, the tuning of others. He does not explain fingering, an absence that would hinder beginning learners.

中文讲解

本段聚焦于米兰(Milán)的维韦拉曲集El Maestro这一特例:尽管它不属于按体裁编排的那一组曲集,但其教学目的明显体现在书名之中——“El Maestro”(即“大师”或“教师”)一词意味着“书本本身就是教师”,米兰本人亦声称本书以教师授课的方式来教导学生。作者由此展开对该书预设读者群的分析:米兰指出学生是维韦拉的初学者,但并不一定是音乐的初学者,因为学生应当已经懂得“有量记谱”(mensural music,即canto)。米兰引述自己前言中的话,说明若要理解他在引言部分的讲解,就需要懂得canto;懂得canto之必要,便能体会米兰所言之难。进一步,作者指出要理解其调弦指示,读者还应具备音程与唱名法(solmization)的知识,但米兰同时提供了一种借助按住的空弦,通过同度或八度来确定其他弦音高的替代调弦方法。最后,作者点出一个重要的缺失:米兰并未解释指法,这一缺席对真正的初学者构成障碍。本段的关键在于为下文铺垫:米兰的书虽然自称“教师”,但其教学法其实对学生的音乐知识预设较高,并依赖于读者已有的canto和音程知识,而非从零起步;这一悖论(名为教学实则预设大量先备知识)将在后续对其他维韦拉曲集的分析中得到进一步对照。

补充说明

本段内引用的两段脚注(41、42)原文未在当前输入中给出,需查阅原书以确认具体出处;脚注43、44的所指亦同。solmization指以ut-re-mi-fa-sol-la(即do-re-mi-fa-sol-la)命名的唱名系统,是16世纪欧洲音乐教学的基础工具之一。

第3段(P0080)

原文复述

Milán arranges his material in two parallel groupings of pieces, each containing two subgroups, the first consisting of vihuela solos and the second pieces for voice and vihuela. The instrumental sets begin with fantasias arranged by mode, and thus we can assume that learning the modes was one of the goals of this group of works. Indeed, each of the vihuela prints, excepting Valderrábano’s, features a section of modally ordered works, typically fantasias but also tientos, attesting to the desire to teach this important aspect of music. Modally ordered pieces may also be a thoughtful inclusion for the professional musician who might need such works. The modes are not explained, just illustrated.

中文讲解

本段讨论米兰曲集的结构编排及其所反映的教学意图。米兰将全部曲目划分为两个并行的组别,每组之下再分两个子组:第一子组为维韦拉独奏作品,第二子组为人声与维韦拉合奏作品。其中器乐组以按调式(mode)排列的幻想曲(fantasias)开头,由此可推断“学习调式”是这组作品的目标之一。作者随即把观察扩展至整个维韦拉印刷品传统:除巴尔德拉瓦诺(Valderrábano)的曲集外,每一种维韦拉印刷品都包含一个按调式编排的作品部分,通常是幻想曲,但有时也包括tientos(一种探索性的器乐体裁),这足以证明传授调式知识是这类出版物的普遍诉求。作者还提出另一层动机——按调式编排的作品对职业乐师也有实用价值,他们可能正需要这类作品。最后一句是该段的关键判断:这些曲集“展示”(illustrate)调式但不“解释”(explain)调式,亦即它们通过乐曲本身示范调式特征,而非通过文字讲解调式规则。这一“以例代讲”的教学法与P0079中米兰对读者已具备canto与音程知识的预设彼此呼应,也将在P0083关于其他维韦拉曲集“以谱代教”的讨论中被进一步放大。

补充说明

本段脚注43指向对“调式分组”现象的更具体出处,需查原书确认。fantasias与tientos均为16世纪西班牙维韦拉文献中常见的器乐体裁,前者常以即兴式结构探索调式,后者同样以器乐试验见长,但二者的体裁边界在本节输入中并未进一步界定。

第4段(P0081)

原文复述

Milán’s vocal genres include native Spanish villancicos and romances, but also settings of Italian sonnets. To use this book, a student would first need to decide if a purely instrumental or a vocal piece were needed, and then make a selection from there. Oddly, only two works from El Maestro also appear in El Cortesano, despite the latter’s abundant references to music, and we can conclude that the works he includes in El Maestro are only a small selection of his personal repertoire. His book is unique among those discussed here because it contains only works by Milán himself, rendering it less like a commonplace book in which accessing works of many authors is important, especially the best and most famous. On the other hand, by presenting ten of his twelve villancicos in two versions, Milán is revealing to his audience how to recast the material according to one’s abilities and desires. In each pair, the second has a more difficult vihuela part, but these are not just embellished versions of the first and simpler presentations: pitches in the vocal line may change, and some of the harmonic choices for accompaniment are different. Milán is likely illustrating the sorts of things he did in his own improvisations.

中文讲解

本段讨论米兰曲集中声乐作品的体裁来源、使用方式以及该曲集的独特编辑取向。米兰的声乐曲目既包含西班牙本土的villancicos(民间歌谣)与romances(叙事歌谣),也包括为意大利十四行诗(sonnets)所谱的曲。使用此书的读者首先要决定需要的是纯器乐还是声乐作品,再据此挑选,这一“双轨”结构对应了P0080所述的两组并行编排。作者接着揭示一个反常现象:尽管米兰的另一部作品El Cortesano中频繁提到音乐,El Maestro中却仅有2首作品亦见于El Cortesano,这说明米兰收入El Maestro的只是其个人曲目中的极小一部分。在与其他维韦拉曲集的比较中,El Maestro的独特性由此凸显:它只收录米兰本人的作品,因而“不太像一本commonplace book(常用文选/摘录簿)”,因为后者通常强调收录多位作者——尤其是最优秀、最著名者——的作品。然而米兰并非完全放弃教学:他将自己12首villancicos中的10首各配以两个版本,藉此向读者示范如何根据自己的能力与需要对原作进行重新加工(recast)。本段的关键在于澄清这两对版本之间的关系——第二版并非对第一版的简单加花:人声线条的音高可能改变,伴奏的和声选择也可能不同。作者由此推断:米兰很可能是借助这两对版本,向读者展示他在即兴演奏中所做的那些处理。本段为后文P0083中“commonplace book”概念的展开设下对照——米兰的书虽然不收录他人作品,却通过同一作品的多重版本实现“教人如何重组材料”的功能,这是一种与他人作品汇编不同的教学策略。

补充说明

El Cortesano亦为米兰所作,是一本面向宫廷朝臣的礼仪与才艺指南,其中音乐仅为其一部分内容;本节输入未对其作详细交代。脚注44指向对该“双版本”教学现象的更具体出处,需查原书确认。

第5段(P0082)

原文复述

This content downloaded from 140.182.176.13 on Tue, 21 Jul 2026 21:42:14 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

中文讲解

本段是与P0078相同的JSTOR下载与版权声明页脚,标明本部分内容从同一IP地址于同一日期下载,并受JSTOR使用条款约束。它是JSTOR平台的格式化产物,与本节学术论证无关。

补充说明

该页脚与P0078页脚一致,表明该文PDF在此处与第11页之间存在分页。

第6段(P0083)

原文复述

The six other vihuela books offer organization and contents similar to one another in their diversity of materials and groupings in discrete units called “books,” with nearly all of them clearly labeled as to their content (sometimes the first book bears no title because it begins immediately after the prefatory material) and explanations of how to interpret the notation. Reading the notation is of particular importance because the tablature is the gateway to playing the vihuela: it can be easily learned and used by both amateurs and professionals, assuring a wide clientele for these prints. Tablature also provides a telling clue as to the nature of these works, which is that they circumvent the more traditional method of teaching music in which the student learned to read mensural notation and understand proportions, rhythm, intervals, modes, etc. Here, an ability to correlate the symbols with the placement of fingers, albeit with some difficulty learning the rhythmic notation, enabled anyone to produce music. Music knowledge, as extolled in the prefaces of these books, was not the main goal. Indeed, tablature obfuscates, rather than elucidates an understanding of the music. Tablature, and a broad compendium of “hit” tunes and famous works (or works by famous composers), made these collections popular ways of learning to play pieces, forgoing the most difficult parts of music study, just as printed commonplace books provided quotes without reading all of the sources. Although each book would have to be approached somewhat differently, owing to differences in introductory information and general structure, it is easy to imagine the purchaser of any of these collections treating it as a commonplace book: first reading the explanatory and instructional material, then going to each section, scanning the headings to determine the contents, and then selecting which of those sections would be most useful for specific situations. As will be seen below, that description closely resembles the instructions in Silva de sirenas.

中文讲解

本段是对S1.6节的核心综合判断:将米兰之外的六种维韦拉曲集作为一个整体来描述其编排与教学法,并由此提炼出与“commonplace book(常用文选)”的类比。六种曲集在结构上彼此相似——材料多样,按所谓“book”(曲集内的分卷/单元)划分;除少数特例(如第一册因紧接前言而无标题)外,各册通常都有标明内容的标题,并附有如何解读记谱法的说明。作者随即提出贯穿全段的关键论点:记谱法的阅读之所以重要,是因为“tablature(符号谱/指法谱)”是通往维韦拉演奏的“入口”(gateway);它既易学又通用,业余与职业者皆可使用,从而保证了这批印刷品拥有广泛的客户群。但tablature本身泄露了这批作品的真正性质——它们绕过了(circumvent)传统的音乐教学路径(读有量记谱、理解比例、节奏、音程、调式等等),转而只需“把符号与左手按指位置相对应”,便能产出音乐;虽然节奏记谱本身仍有学习难度。紧接着是本节最具挑衅性的两个判断:其一,这些书前言中所推崇的“音乐知识”(Music knowledge)并非真正的目标;其二,tablature“遮蔽(obfuscates)而非阐明(elucidates)”对音乐本身的理解。作者由此将tablature+“热门”曲调与名家作品(“hit tunes and famous works”)的合集,比作印刷版commonplace books:后者提供引文而无需读者通读所有原始文献;这些曲集则提供可奏之曲而无须经历音乐学习中最艰难的部分。最后,作者描绘了一位典型读者如何将这类曲集当作commonplace book使用:先读前言与教学说明,再逐节浏览标题以判断内容,最后按需挑选合适段落。作者还预告——这一使用情境与Silva de sirenas中的实际指导极为相似,为后续小节作了直接伏笔。本段之所以在本节中居核心位置,是因为它一方面把米兰的特例(P0079–P0081)放回到维韦拉印刷品整体之中,另一方面明确提出“以谱代教”与“以例代讲”这一对整章至关重要的教学法判断,并以commonplace book的类比为后续的逐书分析奠定概念框架。

补充说明

Silva de sirenas是本文后续将详细分析的一部维韦拉曲集,本节仅预告其使用方式与此处描述高度吻合。commonplace book是16–17世纪欧洲一种广为流传的私人摘录与资料汇编,文人、学者与音乐家皆曾使用,作者借用此概念来刻画维韦拉曲集被读者“按需翻检”的实用取向。

脚注 / 边栏 / 图表 / 附加信息(如有)

本节共四处脚注引用(41、42、43、44),分别对应米兰《El Maestro》的教学性质声明、读者须懂canto的引述、调式分组现象的更具体出处、以及“双版本”villancicos现象的更具体出处;其内容均不在当前输入范围内,需查阅原书方可确认。本节无图、无表、无谱例。P0078与P0082均为JSTOR电子版的下载与版权声明页脚,与正文论证无关,但在段落计数上不可省略。

💡 本节核心要点

  1. 维韦拉曲集普遍采用“书本即教师”的自我定位,但其教学法本质上是“以谱代教”与“以例代讲”——tablature使任何识字者皆可奏乐,绕过了传统音乐教育中有量记谱、音程、调式等艰深内容。
  2. 米兰的El Maestro作为特例,预设读者已具备canto(mensural music)、音程与唱名法知识,并通过按弦调弦法、按调式排列的fantasias以及同一villancicos的双版本编排等方式展开教学,但它不讲解指法,亦不解释调式。
  3. 除Valderrábano外,每一种维韦拉印刷品都设有按调式编排的作品部分(多为fantasias,亦有tientos),表明“学习调式”是该传统的共同诉求;而调式本身仅被“展示”而非被“解释”。
  4. 米兰El Maestro仅收本人作品,与commonplace book“汇聚众家”的取向不同;但他通过十首villancicos的双版本(人声音高与和声均可能改变)示范了“如何按需重铸材料”,实质上是一种独特的教学策略。
  5. 六种其他维韦拉曲集可被读者当作commonplace book来使用:先读前言与说明,再浏览各“book”的标题,最后按情境挑选合适段落;这一使用模式与下文Silva de sirenas的指导高度相似。

🔑 关键术语

  • El Maestro:米兰(Milán)所作的维韦拉曲集;书名意为“大师/教师”,体现“书本即教师”的教学定位;本节以此为个案展开讨论。
  • tablature:为维韦拉等拨弦乐器设计的符号记谱法,以数字或字母标示左手指位而非音高;本节认为它是演奏维韦拉的“入口”,但同时“遮蔽而非阐明”对音乐本身的理解。
  • mensural notation / canto:16世纪通行的有量记谱法;米兰预设读者已掌握canto,否则无法理解其调弦与前言讲解。
  • solmization:以ut-re-mi-fa-sol-la(do-re-mi-fa-sol-la)命名的唱名教学体系;本节提及米兰预设读者熟悉此体系。
  • fantasia / tiento:维韦拉文献中常见的器乐体裁,常被用作调式探索的载体;本节指出二者常被编排于按调式分组的作品中。
  • mode(调式):16世纪音乐理论中的基本分类系统;维韦拉曲集普遍设有按调式编排的作品,但调式本身仅被乐曲“展示”,并不在书中“解释”。
  • commonplace book:16–17世纪盛行的私人摘录与资料汇编形式;本节将维韦拉曲集与之类比,强调其“按需翻检”与“绕过原始文献”两种实用取向。
  • villancico / romance / sonnet:米兰曲集中的声乐体裁来源——西班牙本土的villancicos与romances,以及为意大利十四行诗(sonnet)所作的谱曲;本节借其多样性说明El Maestro并非纯粹的本国语料汇编。

S1.7 A Brief Case Study in Context

第1段(P0084)

原文复述

A Brief Case Study in Context

中文讲解

这是S1.7的小节标题。它开启了一个新的论证单元:作者将以Valderrábano的《Silva de sirenas》(1547)为具体案例,演示该章前几节(讨论vihuela印本前言材料、版权页、目录和难度分级等“副文本”的一般观察)如何在一部具体出版物中展开。该标题在功能上是“切入个案”的过渡,标志着论述从对所有vihuela印本的整体论述进入“以一部作品为例”的细读阶段。

第2段(P0085)

原文复述

A close look at Silva de sirenas (1547) by Enriquez de Valderrábano can illustrate general approaches found in all vihuela publications, although, as previously stated, each one is unique. The prefatory material pays homage to music and its disciples, firmly establishing a humanist context. $^{45}$ In fact, the entire paratext pours forth a wealth of classical

中文讲解

本段是S1.7的总起。它声明两件事:第一,仔细考察Valderrábano的《Silva de sirenas》(1547)可以呈现所有vihuela印本中的“一般做法”;第二,正如前文所说,每一部作品又都是独特的。前言材料向音乐及其门徒致敬,“牢固建立了一种人文主义语境”。这与S1.4-S1.6所讨论的paratext和印刷策略形成呼应:将个案定位为“例示总体”——通过一部作品展示印刷者如何用前言把音乐包装为人文主义学科,从而让vihuela演奏获得与古典传统同等的地位。

补充说明

脚注45指向对该处“人文主义语境”的来源说明;但当前task_input未给出该脚注的具体内容。

第3段(P0086)

原文复述

This content downloaded from 140.182.176.13 on Tue, 21 Jul 2026 21:42:14 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

中文讲解

这是JSTOR平台自动插入的下载与使用声明,属于版式元素而非正文内容。它说明本文节来源为JSTOR数据库(IP 140.182.176.13,2026年7月21日下载),并提示读者其使用受about.jstor.org/terms条款约束。在精讲时应将其视为版面元数据,不参与本节论证。

第4段(P0087)

原文复述

allusions to the power and greatness of music, and addresses music’s ability to affect the soul as well as the body. In truth, the opening material invites the user to participate in the heady discourse of music that would be acquired with formal musical training but could be obviated by learning only tablature. Valderrábano invokes the ideas of Socrates, Plato, and Pythagoras in asserting the value and perfection of music and its affective abilities, and says that the seven books in this collection reflect the seven virtues that awaken the spirit with concord and harmony and that allow us to know things divine and human. Charmingly, he equates the vihuela as highest ranked among string instruments, as humans are among terrestrial beings. $^{46}$

中文讲解

本段接续P0085,详述Valderrábano前言中的人文主义修辞策略。它列出几个层次:(1) 音乐既能影响灵魂也能影响身体;(2) 前言邀请读者进入一种“只有受过正式音乐训练才能获得、但仅靠学tablature也可绕过”的音乐话语;(3) 借苏格拉底、柏拉图、毕达哥拉斯之名宣称音乐的价值与完美及其“感发”功能;(4) 七卷书对应七种德性,能以和谐唤醒精神,使人能“知神圣之事亦知人事”;(5) 维韦拉在弦乐器中居最高位,如同人在万物之中。这些“古典权威征引+道德化框架+乐器等级比喻”是当时把音乐(特别是vihuela演奏)包装为“liberal art”的标准手法,作者以此说明Silva de sirenas如何通过前言建立自身的精英地位,并让读者(哪怕只是tablature使用者)也分享这种文化资本。

补充说明

脚注46对应段尾“highest ranked among string instruments”处,但具体内容未在task_input中给出。

第5段(P0088)

原文复述

The lengthy prologue returns to the themes of music’s power as attested to by authority figures of antiquity, indulging in some name-dropping no doubt intended to appeal to the educated elite: Pythagoras and Plato return, and are joined by Orpheus, Amphion, Mercury, Homer, and Apollo, among others. Of particular note is the following passage concerning the ancients’ (los antiguos gentiles) understanding of the power of music: “It [music] did not, by effort alone, make art liberal and worthy of nobles’ and courtiers’ understanding; but even in all the other arts and disciplines it would intrude and mix, put value in the republics’ laws and customs, and even give art and grace to all the things written and done."$^{47}$ By alluding to the importance of music in the lives of nobility and courtiers, Valderrábano validates the worth of this book for them. At the same time, invoking aristocratic values can appeal to those of lower classes, presenting a means of adopting aspects of an upper-class lifestyle. A poem in Latin praising music further enhances the elite status of Silva de sirenas, appealing not only to an educated clientele, but also establishing Valderrábano’s own credentials as a learned musician.

中文讲解

本段聚焦Valderrábano长篇序言中“密集点名”的修辞策略:毕达哥拉斯、柏拉图再次出现,加上奥菲斯、安菲翁、墨丘利、荷马、阿波罗等古典名字。作者通过引文“音乐并非仅凭自身努力便使艺术成为自由而值得贵族与侍臣理解的学问;它甚至会侵入并参与所有其他艺术与学科,为共和国的法律与习俗增色,并为一切书写与行事赋予艺术与优雅”指出:音乐不只是“被理解的学问”,它还渗透到法律、习俗、写作与行动之中。这段引文的功能是双重的——一方面以“贵族与侍臣”作为目标读者来为本书正名,另一方面把贵族式价值向下层读者展示为可“借用”的上层生活方式。最后拉丁文诗篇既提高书的精英地位,也确立了Valderrábano作为有学问的音乐家的资质认证。整段在论证Valderrábano如何用“古典权威+贵族受众+拉丁展示”三重手段,把一本vihuela教程提升为宫廷文化的合格产品。

补充说明

脚注47注释引文;具体内容未在task_input中给出。

第6段(P0089)

原文复述

The relacion de la obra, or explanation of the work, requires some pre-existent music knowledge. After the practicalities of how tablature works, Valderrábano considers tempo signs. He refers to the notation employed for rhythm but does not explain it, although those familiar with mensural notation would have understood it. Finally, he arrives at a discussion of the contents of the book, primarily addressing the three levels of difficulty and explaining that it was his intent to make this book as useful to everyone as possible.

中文讲解

本段过渡到“relacion de la obra”(作品说明)这一前言部分。它的特征是“要求读者已具备一定音乐知识”:在讲了tablature如何运作之后,Valderrábano进入速度记号与节拍符号,但他只“提及”节拍所用的有量记谱(mensural notation),而不作解释——预设了熟悉该记谱的读者就能看懂。最后他开始介绍本书内容,重点说明“三个难度等级”以及他让“本书对所有人都尽可能有用”的意图。该段为本节后半部分关于“难度分级与编排逻辑”的讨论作铺垫。

第7段(P0090)

原文复述

“This book is divided into seven books for the reason already heard. And because of this, each shall find that which is suitable to play: look at the table [of contents] where you will find that which is suitable; and those that have good hands, do not be surprised at some things of the first grade: because in them you are not able to see music that is very difficult. And as my aim was to be useful to all as each one takes that which is suitable for his hand.” $^{48}$

中文讲解

本段是Valderrábano本人的原话(出自前言)。其要点是:(1) 七卷的划分理由已经在前面说过(即七种德性);(2) 每位读者都能找到适合自己的曲目,方法是查目录;(3) 手巧的读者不应因为第一级曲目中“没有很困难的音乐”而惊讶——暗示低难度并不等于“简单到不能弹”;(4) 目标是让“各取所需、人人受益”。这段引文为本节后半部分关于“目录如何按体裁组织而非按难度组织”的论点提供了第一人称证据。

补充说明

脚注48对应此引文;具体内容未在task_input中给出。

第8段(P0091)

原文复述

This content downloaded from 140.182.176.13 on Tue, 21 Jul 2026 21:42:14 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

中文讲解

同P0086,为JSTOR自动版式声明,非正文内容。

第9段(P0092)

原文复述

Valderrábano’s intention is to cast a wide net for possible clientele, having easy, moderate, and difficult works all contained in one book, as well as the more frequently heard genres. A glance at the table of contents shows that most of the pieces do carry an indication of their difficulty level, of which there are three (first, second, and third). They are not, however, grouped together by grade level: they are grouped by genre, and it is at that level the reader must first decide what to select. Even within each “book,” dedicated to a genre or group of genres, level of difficulty does not seem to be an organizing factor: genre takes pride of place for that.

中文讲解

本段明确Valderrábano的编排逻辑:意图是“撒大网”——把容易、中等、困难的曲目与热门体裁全部纳入一本书。目录中多数作品都标有“第一、第二、第三”三个难度,但曲目“不按难度分组”,而是按体裁分组;甚至在每一“卷”内(每卷专属于一种或一组体裁),难度也不是组织原则——体裁优先。这段与P0090的引文相呼应:读者要先在“体裁”层级作出选择,再在体裁内部按难度挑出“适合自己手”的作品。这一观察是后续讨论“为何vihuela入门实际上很困难”的关键,因为体裁混编意味着同一卷内可能同时出现难度一和三的曲目。

第10段(P0093)

原文复述

The headings of the seven books in the table of contents appear in boldface type, in a font larger than that of the individual works, and include:

中文讲解

本段为版式说明:目录中七卷的标题以粗体、大字号出现,明显大于单首作品的字号。该段引出其后逐卷列出的目录条目。其作用是提示读者:在印刷物中,“卷”的层级在视觉上也被刻意抬升,与具体曲目形成层级区分。

第11段(P0094)

原文复述

Table [of contents] of the works of counterpoint that are in the first book.

中文讲解

第一卷目录的标题。内容为“对位作品”(counterpoint)。该卷的对位体裁(fugas)与其作为“开篇”的地位具有特殊意义,作者随后将讨论该卷在难度排序上的例外。

第12段(P0095)

原文复述

Table of the second book in which there are motets by famous authors and histories from sacred scripture in the manner of old romances and villancicos, and other things.

中文讲解

第二卷目录标题。包含“著名作者的经文歌”以及“以古老romances和villancicos方式呈现的圣经故事”,并“及其他作品”。该卷体裁混合度极高,作者后面将重点分析。

第13段(P0096)

原文复述

Table of the third book in which there are canciones and villancicos for singing in falsetto, notating that which should be sung.

中文讲解

第三卷目录标题。收录“用假声演唱的canciones和villancicos”,并把“应当唱出的旋律”也记下来。这是本节后半部分重点讨论的“特殊卷”,因为它同时包括器乐intabulation与一份用有量记谱写的唱谱。

第14段(P0097)

原文复述

Table of the fourth book in which there are works composed by famous authors, for playing two together on two vihuelas (duets), in four methods of tunings: in unisons, in thirds, in fourths, in fifths.

中文讲解

第四卷目录标题。“两位演奏者在两把vihuela上合奏(duets)”的著名作者作品,调弦法有四种——同度、三度、四度、五度。这一卷专门为“双vihuela合奏”准备,并预设多种调弦法,反映出vihuela传统中“调弦多样性”对演奏的实际影响。

第15段(P0098)

原文复述

Table of the fifth book, which deals with fantasias.

中文讲解

第五卷目录标题。专收fantasias。后面将讨论该卷虽包含Josquin等著名作曲家的作品基底,但并未在标题中点出“著名作者”字样。

第16段(P0099)

原文复述

Table of the sixth book that treats parts of masses, duos, canciones, and sonetos.

中文讲解

第六卷目录标题。包含“弥撒片段、duos、canciones、sonetos”,再次展现体裁混合。

第17段(P0100)

原文复述

Table of the seventh book that treats pavans and other variations. $^{49}$

中文讲解

第七卷目录标题。包含“pavans和其他变奏曲”。本卷是Valderrábano的最后一卷,作者将详细讨论其变奏(diferencias)安排及教学意涵。

补充说明

脚注49对应此段末,具体内容未在task_input中给出。

第18段(P0101)

原文复述

Of these seven “books,” only the first presents its seven pieces in increasing order of difficulty. The first two are fugues (fugas) that Valderrábano states are easy, followed by five portions of masses, eventually arriving at grade level three, the most difficult. The other six books mix levels of difficulty. $^{50}$

中文讲解

本段是关于编排逻辑的关键实证:七卷中“只有第一卷按难度递增排列”——两首fugas标为第一级(容易),其后五段弥撒片段逐渐升至第三级(最难)。其余六卷“难度等级混杂”。这印证了P0092的判断:体裁优先于难度,且第一卷是个例外,因为它是“导论卷”对位体裁本就与难度梯度契合。这种编排方式对读者意味着:即使选了“第一卷”,曲目也并非线性由易到难。

补充说明

脚注50对应此句尾,但具体内容未在task_input中给出。

第19段(P0102)

原文复述

The second of Valderrábano’s two fugues that open Book One, identified as easy by the label “first grade,” illustrates how this collection could be difficult for a beginning vihuela player. $^{51}$ The fugue is for three voices, employs all six courses, and requires the performer to go up to the seventh fret. However, the notes are restricted to only three rhythmic values. The most common sonorities are of two simultaneous pitches, but at times three courses must be played together. Both hands require considerable technical skill, or the player will have to develop it to play this work. To produce a musically satisfying performance, the musician will need sensitivity to bring out the imitation, which is not strongly articulated.

中文讲解

本段是本节论点的“具象证据”:即使标为“第一级”(易)的fuga,对入门者而言依然困难。原因是:(1) 三声部、使用全部六根弦、最高把位到第七品;(2) 虽只用三种节奏值,简化了节奏层,但多数为两音同时奏出,部分处需要三弦同时发声,对双手技术提出相当要求;(3) 模仿并不强标记,演奏者需要用听觉敏感度去“凸显”模仿,而非靠记谱自带指引。“标为易却不易”是本节用于推翻“目录分级=教学梯度”假设的核心案例。

补充说明

脚注51对应此段第一句末尾,但具体内容未在task_input中给出。

第20段(P0103)

原文复述

This content downloaded from 140.182.176.13 on Tue, 21 Jul 2026 21:42:14 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

中文讲解

同P0086/P0091,为JSTOR自动版式声明,非正文内容。

第21段(P0104)

原文复述

Comparing this “first-grade” piece in Valderrábano’s Book One with one by Narváez shows that such technical demands were common. The first piece in Narváez’s Delphin de música is an imitative work for four voices. $^{52}$ As in Valderrábano’s fuga, all six courses are used, but here the performer must reach up to the eighth fret. There are four rhythmic values, and though there are passages of scalar figures, sonorities of two and three pitches are common, and the ending requires playing four courses simultaneously. John Ward demonstrated that this first work is a parody of Josquin’s “Adieu, mes amours” and Gombert’s “Tu pers ton temps.” $^{53}$ The borrowings are not identified in the print, but for any sharp student who would recognize them this opening piece might serve as a model for how to employ the works of authority as the basis of creating new ones. The fantasia is sophisticated both technically and musically. $^{54}$ Narváez identifies the pieces in his second book as being less difficult than those of the first, but unless the student reads through it carefully, the impression might be that this technically challenging initial work was the first step on the road to vihuela mastery.

中文讲解

本段将Valderrábano的“第一级”作品与Narváez《Delphin de música》中的开篇作横向比较,以说明“技术高要求在vihuela传统中是常态而非个例”。Narváez的开篇是四声部模仿作品,使用全部六弦,最高把位到第八品(比Valderrábano还高一品),节奏值增至四种,结尾要求四弦同奏。John Ward曾论证该曲是Josquin《Adieu, mes amours》和Gombert《Tu pers ton temps》的“parody”(借用)。印本并未标注借用来源,对具备识别力的学生而言,该曲本身可作为“以权威作品为基础进行创作”的范本。Narváez在第二卷标注“比第一卷简单”,但若不细读,容易误以为技术要求高的开篇就是入门台阶。

补充说明

脚注52、53、54分别对应不同句子,但具体内容未在task_input中给出。

第22段(P0105)

原文复述

The second fantasia in Narváez’s Book Two (that is, the easier ones) also demands the use of all six courses and four rhythmic values, but uses many open strings and primarily the first three frets, ascending to the fourth four times (three in the last three measures, asserting the final cadence with repetition), and the fifth three times. $^{55}$ Texturally, it generally employs only two courses at a time, but the performer must play three courses simultaneously eleven times and handle four courses five times. The work is imitative, for three voices, and the performer would find it easy to articulate them owing to Narváez’s use of mostly two-voice texture.

中文讲解

本段继续以Narváez第二卷(标为“较易”)的第二首fantasia为例。它的特点是“虽标易,但要求并不轻”——使用全部六弦、节奏值四种;以空弦和一至三品为主,但会四次上行到第四品(在末三小节出现三次以加强收束)、三次到第五品;多数为双音织体,但有十一次三弦同时、五次四弦同时;为三声部模仿作品,因常以双音织体呈现,各声部反而较易听出。这一案例与上一段共同证明:“难度标记”不等于演奏的实际难度。

补充说明

脚注55对应此段第一句,但具体内容未在task_input中给出。

第23段(P0106)

原文复述

In order to learn vihuela from these books, the student would have to forgo simple beginning compositions. Milán even argues that pieces that are too easy are not worth learning. $^{56}$ On the other hand, Gonzalo de Baena’s keyboard tutorial adheres closely to Juan Bermudo’s thoughts on pedagogy that advocate teaching music appropriate for beginners—a repertoire that does not include fantasias (too difficult) but does include intabulations. $^{57}$ One of the problems with teaching fantasias, in addition to technical demands, would have been a lack of familiarity with the pieces, and thus the students would not know whether they were approaching a good or accurate performance. Intabulations offered some recognizable works, so students could judge their progress and accuracy in part by ear, even if figurations somewhat obscured the original. In any event, there are clearly differences in difficulty levels for the beginning pieces in these books, indicating variances in both approaches to teaching and the abilities of the potential clientele.

中文讲解

本段将vihuela传统与其他教学传统作对比以深化论点:(1) 学生用vihuela教材学习时必须放弃“真正简单的入门曲”;(2) Milán甚至主张“太简单的曲子不值得学”——这是一种“反初级”的教学哲学;(3) 与之相对,Gonzalo de Baena的键盘教程承袭Bermudo的教学思想,主张教“适合初学者的音乐”,包括intabulations但排除fantasias;(4) fantasias难以教学的另一原因在于学生可能不熟悉这些曲子,无法判断自己的演绎是否“好或准确”;intabulations则基于可识别的已知作品,学生可以“凭耳”判断进展;(5) 因此这些vihuela印本的开篇曲目难度参差,反映了教学理念与受众能力的差异。

补充说明

脚注56对应Milán的引语,57对应Baena/Bermudo的对比,但具体内容未在task_input中给出。

第24段(P0107)

原文复述

This content downloaded from 140.182.176.13 on Tue, 21 Jul 2026 21:42:14 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

中文讲解

同P0086等,为JSTOR自动版式声明,非正文内容。

第25段(P0108)

原文复述

Valderrábano’s Silva de sirenas includes intabulations of some works of authority, and fantasias of others. There are portions of masses, motets, and songs, the latter including Spanish, Italian, and French works, representing pieces by Valderrábano himself, Juan Vásquez, Verdelot, Arcadelt, and Sermisy. Pieces like these served as both impressive repertoire and appropriate models for emulation in the students’ own works and improvisations. This is, of course, part of the validation of their worth. Valderrábano advertises his inclusion of works by famous composers, referencing the importance in commonplace books of selecting contents from the best authors. The description of his second book states that it contains “motets by famous authors,” and Book Four has “works composed by famous authors”—a group that includes not only those composers listed above, but also Josquin, Gombert, Morales, and Ruffo, among others.

中文讲解

本段说明Valderrábano印本中“权威作品”的两类用法:(1) 对部分权威作品作intabulations(移植),对其他作fantasias;(2) 体裁覆盖弥撒片段、经文歌与歌曲,歌曲含西班牙、意大利、法国作品,作者包括Valderrábano本人、Vásquez、Verdelot、Arcadelt、Sermisy等;(3) 这些曲目既作为“令人印象深刻的保留曲目”,也作为“学生自己创作和即兴时模仿的范本”,由此“印证作品本身的价值”;(4) Valderrábano在标题中直接“宣传”自己收入了著名作曲家的作品,与“commonplace book”(选本)中“选最佳作者”的原则一致;(5) 第二卷标“motets by famous authors”,第四卷标“works composed by famous authors”,后者还包含Josquin、Gombert、Morales、Ruffo等。

第26段(P0109)

原文复述

Valderrábano was not alone in his desire to advertise the high quality of his selections: Narváez and Mudarra also took pains to indicate the value of their sources and models for intabulations. A range of northern European and Spanish composers generally fall into this category, but Josquin holds a special place. Each of the Spanish instrumental prints of the sixteenth century, excepting Daza’s and Milán’s (as previously noted, Milán’s contains only works by himself) includes some works by or based on those of Josquin. This situation is easily understood in light of Josquin’s extraordinary popularity in the Iberian Peninsula, evidenced not only by the presence of his works in these prints but also in manuscripts of Iberian provenance and as examples in Iberian theory treatises. His name alone became a byword for musical excellence, appearing as such in poetry and plays. $^{58}$ Yet how he is presented varies among the prints, sometimes being singled out, sometimes not. Narváez (1538) indicated on the title page of Book Three that the contents are “works composed by Josquin and French songs by various authors,” $^{59}$ and it would appear that he trusted his reader to know who Josquin was.

中文讲解

本段说明三点:(1) “宣传作品来源”的并非Valderrábano独有——Narváez与Mudarra也强调intabulations来源与模本的价值;(2) Josquin在西班牙印本中地位特殊:除Daza和Milán(后者全收自己作品)外,每一本16世纪西班牙器乐印本都包含Josquin原曲或以Josquin为基础的改编;这种普及有更广泛的证据——伊比利亚手稿、当地理论论著都见其例,他的名字甚至在诗歌与戏剧中成为“音乐卓越”的代名词;(3) 但各印本对Josquin的呈现方式不同——有时单独标出,有时不标。Narváez 1538年的第三卷标题为“由Josquin所作的作品及多位作者的法国歌曲”,显然预设读者认识Josquin。

补充说明

脚注58对应“诗歌和戏剧”,59对应Narváez标题,具体内容未在task_input中给出。

第27段(P0110)

原文复述

Eight years later, Mudarra (1546) included portions of masses and motets by Josquin in each of his three books but did not advertise it in any of the headings. Valderrábano’s print includes Josquin among the “famous authors” of Books Two and Four, but even though Josquin’s works provide the basis of pieces in Books Five and Six, no special notice of their illustrious contents is given, unlike the earlier two.

中文讲解

本段比较Mudarra和Valderrábano对Josquin的“低调处理”。Mudarra 1546年三卷都有Josquin的弥撒和经文歌片段,但“标题中完全未提”;Valderrábano则只在第二、四卷把Josquin纳入“著名作者”,尽管第五、六卷也有Josquin作品作为基底,但标题并未特别标明,与前两者“未特别提及”形成对照。本段与上一段共同说明:在16世纪西班牙vihuela印本中,Josquin的存在是普遍事实,但各印刷者如何“展示”这种存在,则从“标题突出”到“不写”形成光谱——这本身就是一种营销与受众预设的差异。

第28段(P0111)

原文复述

This content downloaded from 140.182.176.13 on Tue, 21 Jul 2026 21:42:14 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

中文讲解

同P0086等,为JSTOR自动版式声明,非正文内容。

第29段(P0112)

原文复述

Diego Pisador (1552) also cited Josquin by name: “Book Four where there are four masses by Josquin” and “Book Five with another four masses by Josquin.” $^{60}$ However, by Book Six, Pisador felt compelled to indicate the authority of his sources because he titles it “Book Six that deals with motets in four and five and eight voices by the most famous authors.” $^{61}$

中文讲解

本段将Pisador(1552)加入对比。Pisador在第四、五卷明确点名“Josquin的四首弥撒”,到第六卷则改用更宽泛的“最著名作者”的表述来强调权威性。这显示Pisador的营销策略随卷次推进而调整:具体点名(Josquin)→模糊但强势(“最著名作者”),两者都服务于“作品权威”的展示。

补充说明

脚注60对应Pisador第四、五卷标题,61对应第六卷标题,具体内容未在task_input中给出。

第30段(P0113)

原文复述

Fuenllana’s Orphenica lyra of 1554 opens with an intabulation: Pleni sunt celi. Duo de la missa de Hercules, giving Josquin pride of place and presumably he believed his reader understood the importance of the composer and his work. But besides opening with Josquin, Fuenllana selected a duo, and thus a relatively easy work for his presumed purchaser. Book Two includes the description “motets for four [voices] by famous authors,” and Book Three “motets for five and six voices by very excellent authors.” $^{62}$ These contain works by Josquin and other northern composers as well as Spanish ones. Fuenllana, Pisador, and Valderrábano felt it was important to be clear that the composers of the works included were among the best and most authoritative, in contrast to Narváez, Mudarra, and Daza, who did not advertise the value of their contents.

中文讲解

本段以Fuenllana 1554年《Orphenica lyra》收尾对比:他以intabulation《Pleni sunt celi》(取自Josquin的Missa Hercules)为开篇,给Josquin“首位之尊”,并预设读者能领会其分量;同时选了一首“duo”——相对容易——照顾了入门买家。第二卷标“四声经文歌 by famous authors”,第三卷标“五、六声经文歌 by very excellent authors”,均含Josquin与其他北方及西班牙作曲家。作者由此归结:Fuenllana、Pisador、Valderrábano都“明确点出”作品出自一流权威之手,与Narváez、Mudarra、Daza(不强调)形成对照。

补充说明

脚注62对应Fuenllana标题,具体内容未在task_input中给出。

第31段(P0114)

原文复述

It is notable that some works by Josquin seem to have had more cachet than others; for example, parts of his Missa de beata virgine were treated to intabulations, glosses, or other renditions by Mudarra, Valderrábano, and Pisador, as well as the keyboard collections of Henestrosa and Cabezón, and Missa faysant regres appears in some form in Narváez, Valderrábano, Pisador, and Fuenllana. For the most part, each example treats a different portion of the model, though there are some overlaps. Multiple appearances no doubt testify to the popularity of these works, and the consumer would be guaranteed that some of Josquin’s most requested pieces were available. Learning such music gave access to the great authoritative composers, and the collections rendered these works in different styles. Miguel de Fuenllana created intabulations close to the original, but Narváez, for example, presents a fantasia on the Sanctus and Hosanna of the Missa ercole dux Ferrarie. $^{63}$ Both types provide repertoire and pedagogical material, yet offer two very different approaches and outcomes.

中文讲解

本段揭示“Josquin不同作品声望不一”:Missa de beata virgine的片段被Mudarra、Valderrábano、Pisador以及Henestrosa、Cabezón的键盘集处理;Missa faysant regres则出现在Narváez、Valderrábano、Pisador、Fuenllana的印本中。多印本都征用同一首弥撒的不同段落,但偶有重叠,反映其流行度——消费者可以“确保”买到最受欢迎的Josquin作品;学习这些作品也通向“权威作曲家”的传统。但印本对这些作品的处理风格不同:Fuenllana的intabulation较“贴近原作”,Narváez则在Josquin《Missa ercole dux Ferrarie》的Sanctus与Hosanna上作“fantasia”——两种类型都提供保留曲目与教学材料,但方式和效果迥异。

补充说明

脚注63对应此段末句,具体内容未在task_input中给出。

第32段(P0115)

原文复述

Narváez’s fantasias on Josquin’s masses appear in his third book, identified as works by Josquin and French songs by other composers. Others might place masses in their own book, such as Pisador who includes two books of mass portions by Josquin. Fuenllana includes masses with other works, although not secular songs, but he reserves one book for motets. The point is that the manner in which each musician organized his materials demonstrates different uses of it, and it is the type of material rather than level of difficulty that determined groupings. It is notable that Fuenllana’s first book contains duos from a variety of works (masses, motets, songs, and some of his own) and thus presents relatively easy pieces first, yet he introduces more difficult works in the subsequent books organized first by genre and then by number of voices. Though fewer voices typically would mean easier compositions, that is not always the case, and the student would need to look carefully at the difficulty level assigned.

中文讲解

本段是关于编排逻辑的总结对比:(1) Narváez把Josquin弥撒的fantasias放在第三卷(与“Josquin作品及他人法国歌曲”并列);(2) Pisador用两整卷专门放置Josquin弥撒;(3) Fuenllana把弥撒与其他作品同卷(但不与世俗歌曲同卷),并单独留出一卷给经文歌;(4) 由此得出一句“小节级”结论:每位音乐家组织材料的方式反映其对材料的不同用法,“决定分组的不是难度而是体裁类型”;(5) Fuenllana第一卷放duos(相对容易),但后续卷却按“体裁—声部数”组织,“声部数少通常较易”但并非绝对,学生需仔细查看所标注的难度。

第33段(P0116)

原文复述

This content downloaded from 140.182.176.13 on Tue, 21 Jul 2026 21:42:14 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

中文讲解

同P0086等,为JSTOR自动版式声明,非正文内容。

第34段(P0117)

原文复述

Valderrábano creates one of the largest mixes of pieces in Book Two, arranging them by genre: motet intabulations, Spanish-language romances and proverbs, villancicos interspersed with two sonetos, $^{64}$ and finally two more romances. The difficulty levels span all three. The book’s users would need to begin by determining which genre they wanted, then find an example of it in a difficulty level that would be “suitable.” Similarly, the sixth book has numerous genres: “parts of masses, duos, songs, and sonetos,” and once again genre, rather than difficulty level, determines the organization of the forty-two pieces the book contains.

中文讲解

本段把编排逻辑还原到具体卷次。第二卷的体裁混合度极高:经文歌intabulations、西班牙语romances和proverbs、穿插两首sonetos的villancicos,以及最后的两个romances;难度跨全部三级。读者须“先定体裁,再选难度”——这与P0090的引文中“先查目录找适合的”完全对应。第六卷同样以体裁为分组原则(弥撒片段、duos、歌曲、sonetos),42首作品均按此组织,难度并不构成组织维度。本段为下一段以两首第二卷西班牙歌曲作“难度对比案例”作铺垫。

补充说明

脚注64对应sonetos,具体内容未在task_input中给出。

第35段(P0118)

原文复述

In this second book, Valderrábano gives his clientele twenty-four of the twenty-eight Spanish songs that he includes in Silva de sirenas. A comparison of two of these demonstrates the contrasting levels of difficulty and song types that Valderrábano provides. The easier of these two is “La bella mal maridada,” $^{65}$ a popular song that appeared in various guises: along with Valderrábano’s setting, a part-song appears in the Cancionero musical del palacio, and another for voice and vihuela in Narváez’s print. The text also appeared in two works by Gil Vicente, Comedia de rubena and Fragoa de amor, both performed in 1525. $^{66}$ This charming work, concerning a beautiful married woman and the man (not her husband) who loves her, presents a lightly animated vihuela part, most often in three voices, in which frequent two- and three-voice sonorities maintain a regular duple meter, enlivened at times by scalar passages and some syncopations. $^{67}$ The melody encompasses a seventh and moves by step, presenting little difficulty to the performer. This tune is quite similar to the one in Narváez’s print, and is the tenor voice of the four-part-song in the Cancionero musical del Palacio. Whether his clientele knew the work as a part-song or as Narváez’s vihuela song, Valderrábano satisfies the desire for a currently popular work.

中文讲解

本段以第二卷中一首“较易”的西班牙歌曲《La bella mal maridada》为例。它本身已是流行曲,曾以多种形式流传:(1) Cancionero musical del palacio中的分声部合唱;(2) Narváez印本中的声乐与vihuela版本;(3) Gil Vicente 1525年上演的《Comedia de rubena》和《Fragoa de amor》中也用到该文本。Valderrábano的版本以三声部为主,二、三声部织体在规则的二拍子中交替,间或有级进与切分音,旋律仅为一个七度、主要级进,对演奏者无大难度。该曲调与Narváez的版本接近,并是宫廷歌本中四声部分声部歌曲的tenor。无论客户以哪种形式知道这首作品,Valderrábano都“满足了对流行曲的需求”——功能论而非纯难度论。

补充说明

脚注65对应曲名,66、67对应版本来源和音乐特征,具体内容未在task_input中给出。

第36段(P0119)

原文复述

In contrast, “Sea, quando recordares,” one of Valderrábano’s two proverbios, offers quite a different challenge. $^{68}$ Valderrábano assigns this piece his most difficult rating of three. Not only is the vihuela part more demanding, but the vocal line is as well; it does not exceed an octave in range, but the melody is filled with leaps, mostly of fourths and fifths, and also an octave as well as some thirds. “Sea, quando recordares” is an attractive work that is perhaps, with its admonition to “remember that today may be the last day,” more interesting musically than the popular “La bella mal maridada.” They might both be performed in the same setting, but the proverbio could highlight the performer’s skills more than the canción.

中文讲解

本段是上一段的对比案例:第二卷的另一首西班牙歌曲《Sea, quando recordares》是Valderrábano两首“proverbios”之一,标为“第三级”(最难)。其难度既在vihuela部分,也在声乐部分:旋律不超过八度,但充满大跳——多为四度、五度,并有八度跳进和若干三度跳进。该曲以“今日或为末日”的训诫为内容,音乐上或比《La bella mal maridada》更有趣。两首作品可以在同一场合演奏,但proverbio更能凸显演奏者的技术。两段合起来展示了Valderrábano在同一卷中“难易并存”的实际样态。

补充说明

脚注68对应此段曲名,具体内容未在task_input中给出。

第37段(P0120)

原文复述

This content downloaded from 140.182.176.13 on Tue, 21 Jul 2026 21:42:14 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

中文讲解

同P0086等,为JSTOR自动版式声明,非正文内容。

第38段(P0121)

原文复述

In his seventh and last book, Valderrábano includes six sets of variations (called diferencias), two on “Pavana” (a set of four and a set of three variations, respectively), one on “Guardame las vacas” (seven variations), and two sets on “Conde claros” (forty-nine and seventy-four variations, respectively). $^{69}$ The variation sets typically proceed from a simple statement of the theme followed by progressively more complicated variations. For those variations on “Pavana” and “Guardame las vacas,” Valderrábano identifies the difficulty level of each variation by grade, reflecting the increasing technical ability needed. Of the numerous variations on the tiny theme of “Conde claros,” Valderrábano says only that the first few in each set are of the first or first and second grade level of difficulty. Because each variation is a self-contained unit, exploring the theme from beginning to end, the vihuelist can perform as few or as many as desired without needing to play them all (although the open ending of “Conde claros” precipitates the need to improvise a concluding cadence). The gradually increasing skill requirements for these variations improve technique and at the same time teach how to vary and embellish a given original.

中文讲解

本段聚焦第七卷(最后一卷)的变奏(diferencias):共六组——两组“Pavana”(4首和3首变奏)、一组“Guardame las vacas”(7首变奏)、两组“Conde claros”(49和74首变奏)。变奏集通常从“主题陈述”开始,逐步复杂化。Pavana和Guardame las vacas的每首变奏都标有难度等级;Conde claros的两组数量极大,Valderrábano只标出开头几首为第一或第一、二级。每首变奏自给自足,可演奏其中任意数量;Conde claros结尾“开放”,演奏者须即兴作出终止。技术要求逐步提高的过程,既训练手指技术,也教“如何对给定原作进行变奏与装饰”。

补充说明

脚注69对应此段标题引用,具体内容未在task_input中给出。

第39段(P0122)

原文复述

Of Valderrábano’s other four books providing examples of intabulations and fantasias, Book Three deserves special comment. It is one of the most unusual because it contains “canciones and villancicos for singing in falsetto."$^{70}$ This is a group of six motets and one lamentation, followed by sixteen songs in all three grades, but not in order of difficulty. Three things are particularly noteworthy about this book: first, that it deals specifically with singing, which is not usual among these collections, despite the large number of songs they contain.$^{71}$ Second, Valderrábano is providing special materials for the male user by including pieces for practicing singing in falsetto. Lastly, each of these intabulations also includes a texted melody in mensural notation, indicating that he expects his clientele to be able to read it. This is another example of how this is a book for learning the social skill of making music, not lessons in music per se.

中文讲解

本段专论第三卷。它是Valderrábano四卷intabulations/fantasias中“最不寻常”的一卷,因为标题明示是“用假声演唱的canciones和villancicos”。内容包括6首经文歌+1首哀歌,再加16首歌曲(跨全部三级,但不按难度排)。三点值得注意:(1) 这卷专门讲“歌唱”——尽管其他印本也含大量歌曲,但通常以“演奏”为导向,本卷是为数不多的歌唱专卷;(2) 为男性使用者提供练习假声歌唱的特别材料;(3) 每首intabulation都附一份有量记谱的带歌词旋律,预设客户能读这种记谱。本段呼应本节总论点:Valderrábano的印本不是“音乐课本”,而是“学习社交技能(如何作音乐)的工具”。

补充说明

脚注70、71分别对应标题与“不寻常”评价,具体内容未在task_input中给出。

第40段(P0123)

原文复述

Providing an abundance of repertoire at all three levels of difficulty, Valderrábano’s anthology would be appropriate for almost any vihuela player. This is his goal, as he states in the prologue. But being useful to everyone also means presenting repertoire that everyone might want or need, which would seem to explain his principles of organization as well as the generous size of this work. Thus, when Valderrábano instructed his clients to “search through the table of contents to find that which is suitable,” he was providing them first and foremost with access to appropriate repertoire. We can easily imagine a purchaser of this book, at any level of accomplishment on the vihuela, amateur or professional, seeking to find intabulations of vocal works, songs, and instrumental solos and duets for anticipated social situations, or for private enjoyment and education. This is the kind of stock from which Milán could pull something appropriate in the courtly scenes in El Cortesano. The accomplished courtier not only could play and sing but also had something ready for every occasion. Silva de sirenas provided just such a variety of works, including some from the important category of works of authority.

中文讲解

本段是S1.7的总结,重申三件事:(1) Valderrábano在三个难度上提供大量曲目,“几乎适合任何水平的vihuela演奏者”——这是他在前言中自陈的目标;(2) “对所有人有用”也意味着“提供所有人想要或需要的曲目”,这既解释了编排原则,也解释了该作品的篇幅规模;(3) 因此当Valderrábano让客户“查目录找适合的”,他实际提供的是“通往合适曲目的入口”。作者由此设想:一位业余或专业的买家,在预期社交场合、私人娱乐或自学的不同需要下,都能在此找到声乐intabulations、歌曲、器乐独奏与duets;这种曲目“库存”正是Milán在《El Cortesano》宫廷场景中可以为人物找到“合适曲目”的来源——一位完美的宫廷人不仅能弹能唱,还“对每种场合都有准备”。最后一句再次拉回本节主题:权威作品是这一“曲目库”中的重要组成。

脚注 / 边栏 / 图表 / 附加信息(如有)

脚注:S1.7共涉及脚注45–71。其中45–47在讨论Valderrábano前言的人文主义背景;48引用前言原话;49–50在七卷编排讨论中;51标注Book One第二首fuga;52–54比较Narváez开篇与Josquin借用;55标注Narváez Book Two第二首fantasia;56–57比较Milán与Baena/Bermudo的教学理念;58–62分别对应Josquin的声望、Mudarra(1546)、Pisador(1552)、Fuenllana(1554)的标题表述;63对应Josquin弥撒的intabulation与fantasia两种处理方式;64标注第二卷sonetos;65–67标注《La bella mal maridada》的版本来源与音乐特征;68标注《Sea, quando recordares》;69标注第七卷pavans/variations标题引用;70–71标注第三卷“假声歌唱”的不寻常定位。task_input未提供这些脚注的具体文本。 版式声明:P0086、P0091、P0103、P0107、P0111、P0116、P0120为JSTOR自动插入的下载与使用声明(IP 140.182.176.13,下载时间2026-07-21 21:42:14 UTC,网址about.jstor.org/terms),属版式元数据,非正文。 目录条目:P0093说明七卷标题以粗体大字号出现于目录,与单首作品的字号形成层级区分;P0094–P0100逐卷列出目录标题。

💡 本节核心要点

  1. S1.7以Valderrábano《Silva de sirenas》(1547)为个案,将S1.4–S1.6对vihuela印本paratext与编排逻辑的一般观察落到一部具体出版物中;前言通过引用苏格拉底、柏拉图、毕达哥拉斯等古典权威以及拉丁诗篇,把vihuela教程包装为人文主义学科,并定位于“贵族与侍臣”读者。
  2. 七卷的编排原则是“体裁优先于难度”:目录中多数曲目标有三级难度,但分组按体裁而非难度;只有第一卷按难度递增(两首fugas→五段弥撒片段升至第三级),其余六卷难度混杂,这使“标为第一级”的曲目(如Book One的第二首fuga)对入门者仍可能困难。
  3. 各印本对Josquin的呈现方式从“标题点出”到“标题不写”形成光谱:Valderrábano、Pisador、Fuenllana倾向在标题中明确点名或强调“最著名作者”;Narváez、Mudarra、Daza倾向不强调。同一首Josquin弥撒(如Missa de beata virgine、Missa faysant regres)被多印本征用且取不同段落,反映了印本之间的“权威作品流通网络”。
  4. 同一权威作品可以两种风格处理:Fuenllana的intabulation贴近原作,Narváez则在Josquin《Missa ercole dux Ferrarie》的Sanctus与Hosanna上作fantasia;两种方式都提供保留曲目与教学材料,但方式与效果迥异。
  5. Valderrábano的曲目“库存”按体裁×难度的二维网格服务多种社交场景,第三卷专门为男性使用者提供“假声歌唱”材料,第七卷变奏集(diferencias)则以逐步递增的技术要求同时训练手指与“如何变奏装饰”的能力。
  6. 整节论证收束于Milán《El Cortesano》中的“完美宫廷人”形象:弹、唱、对每种场合都有准备;Valderrábano的印本正提供这样的曲目“库存”,由此把vihuela教材重新定义为“社交音乐技能工具”而非单纯的“音乐课本”。

🔑 关键术语

  • Silva de sirenas:Valderrábano于1547年出版的vihuela印本,是S1.7的核心个案,全节围绕其前言结构、七卷编排、难度分级与权威作品使用方式展开分析。
  • paratext:围绕正文的副文本材料,包括前言、版权页、目录、致献词等;在本节中作为分析Valderrábano前言修辞与目录编排的统称(亦作paratextual material)。
  • humanist context:人文主义语境;本节指Valderrábano通过引用古典权威(Socrates、Plato、Pythagoras、Orpheus、Apollo等)和拉丁诗篇,将音乐确立为liberal art的话语框架,并由此为vihuela演奏赋予精英文化地位。
  • tablature / intabulation:tablature是vihuela所用的符号记谱体系;intabulation指把已有的声乐或器乐作品(特别是Josquin等权威作曲家的弥撒、经文歌、歌曲)移植改编为vihuela独奏或合奏的实践,是本节“权威作品”在印本中的主要呈现方式之一。
  • mensural notation:有量记谱;16世纪欧洲通用的节奏—音高记谱体系。Valderrábano在前言中预设读者熟悉该记谱;第三卷每首intabulation都附一份带歌词的有量记谱旋律,进一步表明他预设读者能读这种记谱。
  • fuga(fugue):本节中指Book One开篇的两首fugas,标为“第一级”,用于演示“标为易却不易”的论点。
  • diferencia:变奏;本节特指第七卷中围绕固定旋律(Pavana、Guardame las vacas、Conde claros)作出的变奏集,是Valderrábano印本中把“逐步提高技术”与“教授变奏装饰”结合的教学载体。
  • falsetto:假声;第三卷专门为男性使用者提供练习假声歌唱的材料,是本节强调此卷“不寻常”的关键特征之一。
  • parody(在本节语境):以某既有作品(此处Josquin《Adieu, mes amours》和Gombert《Tu pers ton temps》)作为基底进行再创作的实践;John Ward曾论证Narváez《Delphin de música》开篇为这种parody。
  • works of authority:权威作品;本节统称Josquin、Gombert、Morales、Ruffo、Verdelot、Arcadelt、Sermisy等被广泛征用与改编的作曲家的作品,在印本中既作保留曲目也作学生创作的模本。
  • El Cortesano:本节用以说明“完美宫廷人”形象的来源——Milán的宫廷礼仪著作;该书中需要为各种社交场合配上合适音乐的场景,与Valderrábano印本按“体裁×难度”二维组织的曲目库存相呼应。
  • libro(“books”):本节中指Valderrábano印本内的七个分卷,每卷对应一种或一组体裁(counterpoint、motet/romance/villancico、falsetto songs、duets、fantasias、混合、pavans/variations),是“编排”分析的基本单位。

S1.8 Using the Materials

第1段(P0124)

原文复述

This content downloaded from 140.182.176.13 on Tue, 21 Jul 2026 21:42:14 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

中文讲解

此行是JSTOR页面顶/底部的模板性元数据,记录PDF下载来源IP(140.182.176.13)、下载时间(2026年7月21日星期二 21:42:14 UTC),并附JSTOR使用条款链接。它不是文章正文内容,仅是版面元素。

第2段(P0125)

原文复述

Using the Materials

中文讲解

本节的小节标题,英文为"Using the Materials”(材料的使用)。该标题宣告本节将讨论维韦拉琴曲集作为实际被使用的材料所承担的功能,包括演奏场合、学习教学、与其他器乐传统的对比,以及在社会文化层面的"文化资本"作用。

第3段(P0126)

原文复述

All of the books contain groupings of fantasias, and the range of difficulty serves the needs of performers at various stages of proficiency. Intabulations of motets and portions of masses would seem to serve musicians in devotional situations more often than social ones, but because these works were almost always from the best composers, the vihuelist performing these pieces could easily display both musical talent and taste. Still, it is useful to recall John Griffiths’ assertion regarding the prevalence of clerics in Valladolid and, presumably, other parts of Spain, and the popularity of the vihuela among them: that is, the enjoyment among clerics of making music of high quality on vihuela would suggest a particular desire to play devotional works. Furthermore, Spanish society was concerned with enriching personal religious lives, extensively reading religious books and tracts. Thus, playing religious works on vihuela was another aspect of devotional self-improvement.

中文讲解

本段进入"材料的使用"主题,先勾勒维韦拉琴曲集的两大功能维度。第一,所有曲集都包含若干组fantasias(幻想曲),且难度跨度照顾不同熟练程度的演奏者——这是曲集在"教学/学习"层面的功能。第二,作者讨论曲集中的经文歌改编(intabulations of motets)和弥撒段落(portions of masses)改编,指出这些改编更多用于虔敬场合(devotional situations)而非社交场合;但由于改编对象"几乎总是来自最优秀的作曲家”,维韦拉琴演奏者借此既能展示音乐才能,也能展示审美品味。为支撑"虔敬使用"这一判断,作者援引John Griffiths关于瓦亚多利以及(推测)西班牙其他地区神职人员(clerics)普及与维韦拉琴在他们中的流行,暗示神职人员有演奏高质量虔敬作品的特定意愿。最后,作者把维韦拉琴演奏宗教作品放在西班牙社会"个人宗教生活"的更广潮流(广泛阅读宗教书籍与册子)中,认为这是"虔敬自我提升”(devotional self-improvement)的另一面。这是为后续讨论曲集在宫廷/社交场合使用做铺垫:作者先明确宗教性用途的一面。

补充说明

本段涉及的fantasia、intabulation等术语在前文已有界定;Griffiths关于瓦亚多利神职人员的原文出处可见于脚注上下文(本段无直接对应脚注)。

第4段(P0127)

原文复述

For courtly social situations, each book has, in addition to intabulations and fantasias, Spanish songs, and several have songs in Italian, French, and/or Portuguese. Educated Spanish men and women (although formal learning was largely reserved for boys, well-educated aristocratic women knew some of these languages) may have employed these materials as a means of learning a foreign repertoire, or perhaps to show off their worldliness, regardless of whether they understood the texts. ^72 Only a few prints contain dances, possibly illustrating that the vihuela did not serve often as dance accompaniment; or, since the collections were for nonprofessional aristocratic society, the genre was not important for inclusion because dance music was performed by professionals. This may also explain why some pavans are the basis of sets of variations and may not

中文讲解

本段集中讨论曲集在"宫廷社交场合”(courtly social situations)的使用,与前一段的虔敬场合形成对照。首先,曲集中除intabulations和fantasias外,每本都包含西班牙语歌曲,部分曲集还包含意大利语、法语和/或葡萄牙语歌曲。其次,作者推测:受过教育的西班牙男女(尽管正规学习基本只限男孩,但受过良好教育的贵族女性也懂其中一些语言)可能把这些歌曲作为学习外国曲目(foreign repertoire)的材料,或作为"展示自己世故”(show off their worldliness)的工具,无论他们是否理解歌词——“regardless of whether they understood the texts"是关键限定,说明这些外语歌曲的功能更多是符号性而非真正的语言学习。最后,作者观察只有少数曲集包含舞曲(dances),并提出两种解释:(a) 维韦拉琴不常作为舞蹈伴奏;或 (b) 因曲集面向非专业的贵族社会,舞曲并非重要的收录体裁,因为舞曲音乐通常由职业音乐家演奏。这一假说还顺带解释了一些pavans(帕凡舞曲)被用作变奏曲基础的原因——本句因跨页被切断,由P0129承接。

补充说明

脚注72与"受教育人群使用外语曲目"主张有关,原文未在task_input中提供其内容,不予补写。

第5段(P0128)

原文复述

This content downloaded from 140.182.176.13 on Tue, 21 Jul 2026 21:42:14 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

中文讲解

JSTOR页眉/页脚模板,重复P0124中的下载元数据(IP、UTC时间戳、terms链接),属版面元素。

补充说明

无实质内容。

第6段(P0129)

原文复述

have been intended for dancing at all, although they clearly articulate their underlying rhythms.

中文讲解

这是P0127最后一句的延续(因跨页被切断)。承接P0127的论点:某些pavans(帕凡舞曲)虽被用作变奏基础,但并非为舞蹈而作,尽管它们在节奏上清晰可辨(articulate their underlying rhythms)。作者借此提出一个判断:节奏清晰并不等于实际用途为舞蹈。pavans在曲集中更多承担"提供节奏骨架以供变奏"的素材功能,而非真的在舞池演奏。

第7段(P0130)

原文复述

The authoritative models are both teaching pieces and repertoire, and glosses and fantasias on various models provide examples for students of how to craft their own works on that of others. Although commonplace books did not provide examples of how to expand works into the larger, persuasive structures that their users were to create, the vihuelists do, in fact, supply examples of how to elaborate on a model. Perhaps in the ideal, the best students would create their own fantasias and variations based on other works. Some of the prints, while including straightforward intabulations, also include the composers’ own reworkings of the same model. Indeed, Mudarra provides a series of glosas on works by Josquin and Fevin structured like poetic glosas: an elaboration, or gloss, of the original is followed by the unadorned phrase from which it comes. Such a format would familiar to the users from poetic glosas and, by providing both original and gloss, Mudarra demonstrated how to make a gloss. ^73 Valderrábano included fantasias based on authoritative models and, though he did not include the model, an interested student might obtain it for comparison to understand his reworking of it. Like students everywhere, there would be those who would learn the fantasia but not be inclined to learn how it deals with its model.

中文讲解

本段转入"维韦拉琴曲集作为教材/模仿范本"的核心功能论证,是本节的高潮之一。第一层主张:权威性的model(范本/原作)兼具教学材料与演奏曲目两种身份;glosses和fantasias提供了"如何在他人作品基础上创造自己作品"的范例。第二层对照:本段的关键比较点是——虽然commonplace books(常识摘录本)不提供"如何把材料扩展为更大规模、有说服力的结构"的范例,但维韦拉琴曲集"事实上”(in fact)就提供了这种示范。这是维韦拉琴曲集相比同时期引语摘录本的核心优势。第三层细节:在"in the ideal”(理想情况下)的规范期待中,最好的学生应在他人作品基础上创作自己的fantasias和变奏;部分曲集同时收录"直接的intabulations"与"作曲家本人对同model的重新加工”。Mudarra是典型:他对Josquin和Fevin作品做成的glosas系列结构仿照poetic glosas(诗歌注释体)——先呈现elaboration/gloss(变体/注释),再呈现未装饰的原句;这种形式对熟悉诗歌glosas体例的使用者应很熟悉(按上下文此处应为"would be familiar”,原文疑有缺漏),且通过同时提供original和gloss,Mudarra示范了"如何制作一个gloss”。Valderrábano收录基于权威model的fantasias但未收录原model,感兴趣的学生可另行获取原作对比,以理解其重新加工方式。最后一句点出普遍现实:会有学生愿意学fantasia本身而不愿学它如何处理其model。本段对本节论证的贡献:把曲集的"使用"从"演奏场合"推进到"作为模仿范本与教学材料”,并通过与commonplace book的对照,确立维韦拉琴曲集在"提供完整创作范例"上的独特价值。

补充说明

脚注73与Mudarra的glosas体例及其与诗歌glosas的关系有关,原文未给出具体内容,不予补写。“authoritative models"在本节特指被公认为权威的声乐作品(多为Josquin、Fevin等大师之作),是维韦拉琴改编和变奏的源头。

第8段(P0131)

原文复述

The prevalence of vocal intabulations in all these works allows us to view the users as learning vihuela as a professional might. Juan Bermudo advocated that instrumentalists employ vocal repertoire in their progress toward becoming better musicians, copying it into score and then into tablature, progressing from simpler, two-part works to more complicated and richer material. ^74 In his discussion of Albert de Ripa’s use of vocal materials as the subjects of fantasias, Stephano Mengozzi comments that Bermudo and Tomás de Sancta Maria both “advise the beginning student to practice the vocal repertory and to memorize motives, cadences and points of imitation written by the masters. At a second stage, when the beginner starts playing his own fantasies, he will draw motivic ideas from the ‘rich store of models’ he has collected.” ^75 Indeed, here the student has both intabulations and examples of what to do with them. A student could create his or her own collection of “motives, cadences, and points of imitation,” drawing them from the pieces in these vihuela prints, just as they might draw a phrase or sentence from a commonplace book rather than recording the entire work from which it came.

中文讲解

本段深化"曲集作为专业训练资源"的主张,引入同时代理论家的支撑,并把维韦拉琴曲集与commonplace book的类比进一步具体化。第一层主张:所有这些作品中"声乐intabulations”(对声乐曲的器乐改编)的普遍存在,使我们可以把使用维韦拉琴曲集的人视为"像专业人士那样学习维韦拉琴的人”。第二层佐证:Juan Bermudo主张器乐演奏者应通过"先把声乐作品抄成总谱,再抄成tablature(数字谱),从更简单的二声部作品逐步过渡到更复杂、更丰富的材料"来成为更好的音乐家——这是16世纪关于"声乐→器乐"学习路径的权威论述。在讨论Albert de Ripa以声乐材料作为fantasias主题时,Stephano Mengozzi引用Bermudo和Tomás de Sancta Maria的双重观点:初学者应练习声乐曲目并记忆大师写的motives(动机)、cadences(终止式)和points of imitation(模仿对位片段);到第二阶段,初学者演奏自己的fantasias时,就会从他已积累的"rich store of models"中汲取motivic ideas。第三层收束:作者强调"事实上”(Indeed),在这些维韦拉琴曲集中,学生既拥有intabulations,又拥有"如何处理它们"的范例(fantasias等)。学生可从曲集中的作品里建立自己的"motives、cadences、points of imitation"收藏——就像从commonplace book中摘取句子,而不是记录整部作品。这是本节论证的关键桥段:把"曲集材料”——“专业学习方法”——“commonplace book的摘抄逻辑"三者对接,为后面把维韦拉琴曲集整体类比为"可演奏的commonplace book"作铺垫。

补充说明

脚注74和75分别对应Bermudo的论述及Mengozzi关于Albert de Ripa的研究;Bermudo、Tomás de Sancta Maria、Mengozzi、Albert de Ripa的具体著作信息本段未给出,不予补写。intabulation在本节的功能是"把声乐材料转译为器乐形式”,所以声乐intabulations即对声乐曲的器乐改编。

第9段(P0132)

原文复述

This integration of vocal and instrumental works extended beyond Spain. Lutenists in Italy gained a thorough knowledge of vocal music, and the best professionals incorporated these works into their own compositions. Instrumentalists and singers had similar musical educations, and

中文讲解

本段开启一个比较维度:把维韦拉琴曲集中的"声乐—器乐整合"放在更大的欧洲背景下考察。关键观察是:维韦拉琴作品集中"声乐与器乐的融合"并非西班牙独有——意大利的lutenists(鲁特琴演奏家)通晓声乐作品,最好的专业人士把这些作品融入自己的创作;器乐演奏者和歌手的音乐教育路径相似(had similar musical educations)。这是一段过渡:把视野从西班牙维韦拉琴曲集延伸到意大利鲁特琴传统,下一段将用具体的16世纪鲁特琴曲集和教学手册作为证据。本句在页面底部被截断,由P0134承接。

第10段(P0133)

原文复述

This content downloaded from 140.182.176.13 on Tue, 21 Jul 2026 21:42:14 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

中文讲解

重复的JSTOR页眉/页脚模板,属版面元素。

补充说明

无实质内容。

第11段(P0134)

原文复述

evidence of that is seen in the contents of lute books of the sixteenth century, not only in their repertoires but also in the information provided for arranging vocal music for lute in Adrian Le Roy’s and Vincenzo Galilei’s sixteenth-century instruction books. ^76 Victor Coelho has demonstrated that the Cavalcanti Lute Book, also from the sixteenth century, holds a repertoire used for training a lutenist, saying that “Cavalcanti reveals an integrated musical training that combined digital competence, singing and playing, and most importantly, a humanistic regard for the poetic of music.” ^77

中文讲解

本段为P0132提出的比较提供两条证据,证明"声乐—器乐整合"在欧洲16世纪是普遍现象。证据一:16世纪鲁特琴曲集的内容体现了这种整合,不仅在曲目上(repertoires),而且在Adrian Le Roy(法国鲁特琴家、出版商)和Vincenzo Galilei(伽利略的父亲,意大利音乐理论家、鲁特琴家)的16世纪教学手册所提供的"为鲁特琴改编声乐作品"的信息上也体现出来。证据二:Victor Coelho的研究表明,16世纪的Cavalcanti Lute Book(卡瓦尔坎蒂鲁特琴曲集)所含曲目用于训练鲁特琴演奏者;该曲集"揭示了一种融合数字能力(指法/键盘式技巧)、歌唱与演奏的综合音乐训练,以及最重要的——一种对音乐诗意的人文主义关怀(humanistic regard for the poetic of music)"。本段作用:把维韦拉琴曲集的"使用"放到更广阔的欧洲文艺复兴音乐文化中理解——它不是西班牙的孤立现象,而是与意大利、法国鲁特琴传统共享同一种"声乐—器乐整合"的学习与演奏模式;这也暗示维韦拉琴使用者与当时欧洲受过人文主义教育的音乐爱好者属于同一文化圈。

补充说明

脚注76对应Le Roy、Galilei的教材,脚注77对应Coelho的Cavalcanti研究;具体页码与出版信息本段未给出,不予补写。

第12段(P0135)

原文复述

The means of learning some music basics does appear in these works, notably in the form of modally arranged pieces, or at least the careful designation of modes. Milán was the first to do so, with a series of fantasias in modal order, clearly labeled. Daza’s first book puts his fantasias in modal order and he states in the heading of it that he had done so. Fuenllana concluded his sixth and last book with eight tientos in each of the modes and indicated this arrangement in the book’s title, thus allowing the reader to easily find pieces useful for learning modes or for performing. Fuenllana placed intabulations of Guerrero’s “Donec ponam” in modal order, but neglected to indicate their presence on the title page of Book Four, which lists “some parts of masses, hymns, fantasias, fabor-dones, and other contrapuntal works."[78] Other modally arranged pieces are in Narváez (examples of each mode are in Book One, and several modes are demonstrated in fantasias in Book Two), Mudarra (Book Two contains tientos and fantasias by the author, and intabulations of mass portions by Josquin and Fevin), and Pisador (Book Three, fantasias by the composer). Mudarra was careful to indicate modal works with the statement that it contains “fantasias and some glossed works for the eight tones that are also called more appropriately modes."[79]

中文讲解

本段集中讨论维韦拉琴曲集中"调式(mode)“层面的基础学习功能。第一层主张:学习音乐基础的方法确实出现在这些作品中,最突出的形式是按调式排列的作品(modally arranged pieces),或至少是仔细标注调式(careful designation of modes)。第二层——按调式组织曲目的具体例子:(a) Luis Milán是第一个这样做的人,有一系列按调式顺序排列、明确标注调式的fantasias;(b) Daza第一本书中fantasias按调式顺序排列,且在标题中明确陈述;(c) Fuenllana第六本也是最后一本书以"每种调式各八首tientos"作结,并在书名中标注这一安排,使读者方便找到"用于学习调式"或"用于演奏"的作品;他还将Guerrero的"Donec ponam"的intabulations按调式顺序排列,但未在第四本书扉页上标注——而该扉页只列出"some parts of masses, hymns, fantasias, fabordones, and other contrapuntal works”,是一处内部组织与外部宣称不一致的细节;(d) Narváez第一本书中有每种调式的例子,第二本书的fantasias展示若干种调式;(e) Mudarra第二本书含有本人tientos和fantasias及Josquin、Fevin弥撒段落的intabulations,且明确标注调式作品,声明书含"fantasias and some glossed works for the eight tones that are also called more appropriately modes”;(f) Pisador第三本书有作曲家本人的fantasias。本段论证作用:把"调式"作为基础音乐教育的关键切入点,并展示不同维韦拉琴曲集在"调式组织"上的不同处理方式(明示或含蓄),从而表明曲集确实包含基础学习功能,但呈现程度因作者而异。注意"tones"与"modes"的关系——Mudarra引文显示16世纪存在术语混乱,他把"tones"视为"更准确地说应称为modes"的同一现象。

补充说明

脚注78、79对应Fuenllana与Mudarra的具体陈述,本段引文应保留原文形式。“tientos"是当时西班牙器乐曲体裁之一,与fantasias有交叠但侧重不同。

第13段(P0136)

原文复述

Valderrábano’s duet repertoire is representative of most of the genres he included in other books (motet intabulations, mass portions, songs, variations, but no fantasias), but he clarified that these duets were learning pieces, being “of four types of tunings in unison, in thirds, in fourths, and in fifths, and this is very useful and beneficial for enjoying music and arranging the voices: there are stops and rests that one uses to pause as is done in mensural music.“80

中文讲解

本段单独讨论Valderrábano的duet(二重奏)曲目,作为"基础学习材料"的又一个具体例证。第一层观察:Valderrábano的二重奏曲目在其他书中涵盖的体裁(motet intabulations、弥撒段落、歌曲、变奏曲——但不包括fantasias)中具有代表性。第二层关键限定:Valderrábano明确说明这些duets是"learning pieces”(学习用作品),有"四种tuning(调律/调弦)方式”——unison(同度)、thirds(三度)、fourths(四度)、fifths(五度)——并指出这种安排"非常有用且有益于享受音乐和编排声部”(very useful and beneficial for enjoying music and arranging the voices),因为其中有"在节拍音乐(mensural music)中使用的停顿与休止”(stops and rests that one uses to pause as is done in mensural music)。本段论证作用:通过Valderrábano本人明确把duets定位为"学习用作品”,为"曲集作为教学资源"提供直接作者证言;同时,“四种tuning"的设计反映16世纪器乐学习对调律/调弦训练的重视。mensural music指中世纪/文艺复兴时期的定量记谱体系,其stops与rests是节拍结构的关键元素。

补充说明

脚注80对应Valderrábano的这段原文引文;引文应保留原文形式。

第14段(P0137)

原文复述

The first of Fuenllana’s six books offers the most careful program of learning (excepting, arguably, that of Luis Milán), taking the student through three levels of difficulty in four genres. After that, the learning structure breaks down. Thus, although his second book has motets and fantasias in four voices, and the third motets for five and six parts, within each of these graded books there is a mixture of easier and more difficult pieces, in no particular order, indicated with the letters F (fácil) or D (dificil).

中文讲解

本段集中讨论Fuenllana六本书中的学习结构(program of learning)。第一层判断:第一本书是Fuenllana六本书中"学习程序最为精心"的(most careful program of learning),作者加了一个限定——“arguably”(可争议地)——Luis Milán的程序可视为同等或更精细。也就是说,Fuenllana和Milán代表了曲集中"教学编排"的两座高峰。第一本书让学生经历"四种体裁×三个难度等级"的学习路径。第二层限定——关键转折:从第二本书起,“the learning structure breaks down”——学习结构瓦解了。具体表现:虽然第二本书有四声部motets和fantasias、第三本书有五声部和六声部motets,这些书有"难度等级”(graded books),但每本书内部混合了简单与困难的作品,“无特定顺序”(in no particular order);每件作品的难度通过字母标注——F代表fácil(容易,西班牙语),D代表dificil(困难)。本段论证作用:揭示曲集中"教学程序"是一种部分实现、而非系统贯彻的设计——在第一本书中有完整结构,之后则退化为难度标签式的非顺序安排。这一观察呼应P0142中"无法评估这些书在现实中有多实用"的判断。

补充说明

fácil与dificil为西班牙语词,本段已给出对应解释。“graded books"指按难度分级的书,但作者指出这种分级在Fuenllana第二本以后未能贯彻到内部顺序。

第15段(P0138)

原文复述

This content downloaded from 140.182.176.13 on Tue, 21 Jul 2026 21:42:14 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

中文讲解

重复的JSTOR页眉/页脚模板,属版面元素。

补充说明

无实质内容。

第16段(P0139)

原文复述

The books of instrumental music by Venegas de Henestrosa, Antonio de Cabezón, and Gonzalo de Baena are strikingly different from the six discussed above, reflecting the fact that their compilers were approaching their works in a different fashion than the vihuelists did. Baena’s work is clearly tutorial, evidenced in both its title (Arte nouamente inuentada pera aprender a tanger) and its contents. He arranges his works by increasing levels of difficulty according to the number of voices, freely mixing genres. ^81

中文讲解

本段开启本节最后一部分——把维韦拉琴曲集与同时代其他器乐曲集(Venegas de Henestrosa、Antonio de Cabezón、Gonzalo de Baena)作对比,以凸显维韦拉琴曲集"以演奏而非系统教学为主"的特性。第一层判断:这三位的器乐作品集与前文讨论的六本维韦拉琴曲集"显著不同”(strikingly different),原因是其编纂者(compilers)以"不同的方式”(a different fashion)接近其作品——即更倾向于教学性。第二层——以Baena为例:Baena的作品明显是教学性的(clearly tutorial),证据有二:(a) 标题——Arte nouamente inuentada pera aprender a tanger(粗译:“新创的学琴之法”,原文使用16世纪西班牙语拼写);(b) 内容:他按"声部数量"由少至多(increasing levels of difficulty according to the number of voices)编排难度,并自由混合体裁(freely mixing genres)。本段论证作用:开始为本节最后对比"维韦拉琴曲集 vs. 其他西班牙器乐曲集"打基础——把Baena的纯教学性定位明确化,下一段将处理Cabezón的混合定位,再下一段处理Venegas的折衷定位。

补充说明

“Arte nouamente inuentada pera aprender a tanger"是Baena作品的原标题,作者用原文呈现(含16世纪西班牙语"pera”=“para"的拼写)。脚注81对应Baena的难度编排,原文未给出具体内容,不予补写。

第17段(P0140)

原文复述

Cabezón’s 1578 print is divided into segments, although not into books. Nevertheless, the arrangement appears to be both tutorial and practical for performance. Cabezón was court organist to Philip II, and he taught organ to his son, who was responsible for this posthumous publication. Separate sections of duos, trios, variations, and hymns are all indicated, as are fabordones, magnificat verses, kyries, and tientos, the latter arranged by mode. The prefatory material discusses fingering which, being keyboard music, is a pedagogical asset. The hand of both teacher and professional court organist is revealed in the contents and the arrangements. Hernando de Cabezón, Antonio’s son, compiled this work, showing us what his blind father taught him, but three years after publication only about one-third of the copies had been sold. ^82 There are several possible reasons for its lack of success, not the least of which might be a lesser demand for keyboard music, as that instrument was far more costly and less portable than a vihuela. ^83 Keyboard music was less suitable than vihuela for social contexts. Indeed, Cabezón’s book supplies little for such occasions, and its lack of vocal music would diminish its appeal for many.

中文讲解

本段集中讨论Cabezón(卡贝松)1578年的印刷曲集,作为与维韦拉琴曲集对比的第二个案例——一个"既适合教学又适合演奏"的折衷型曲集。第一层结构特征:曲集"分若干段落”(divided into segments)但"未分成书”(not into books),然而其编排"看似兼具教学与演奏实用性”(both tutorial and practical for performance)。第二层人物背景:Antonio de Cabezón是Philip II(腓力二世)的宫廷管风琴师(court organist),并教自己的儿子管风琴;本曲集是其死后由儿子负责出版的(posthumous publication)。第三层具体内容安排:duos、trios、variations、hymns等独立段落均明确标出;fabordones、magnificat verses(圣母颂歌节)、kyries(慈悲经)、tientos亦标出,其中tientos按调式(mode)排列;卷首材料(prefatory material)讨论指法(fingering)——因为是键盘音乐,所以指法是教学资产(pedagogical asset);内容与编排"透露了教师与职业宫廷管风琴师两重身份”。第四层——一个关键事实:Hernando de Cabezón(Antonio之子)编纂此书,呈现了他那失明的父亲所教给他的内容;然而出版三年后,仅售出约三分之一的副本(only about one-third of the copies had been sold)。第五层——作者提出几种可能解释:原因之一是管风琴音乐需求较低——该乐器远比维韦拉琴昂贵(far more costly)且不便携(less portable),因此管风琴音乐在社交场合不如维韦拉琴音乐适合(less suitable than vihuela for social contexts)。事实上,Cabezón的曲集"几乎不提供适合社交场合的曲目”,又因缺少声乐作品(lack of vocal music),对许多潜在使用者而言吸引力下降。本段论证作用:把管风琴曲集作为反例,揭示乐器属性(昂贵、不便携)与社会功能(社交场合)之间的关联——这反过来印证了维韦拉琴作为"便携、适合社交场合的乐器"的独特优势。

补充说明

脚注82对应Cabezón曲集销售数据,脚注83对应"键盘音乐需求较低"的解释;这些脚注的精确出处和页码本段未给出,不予补写。fabordones、tientos等术语在16世纪西班牙器乐/声乐中各有专义,本段未展开。

第18段(P0141)

原文复述

Venegas de Henestrosa’s 1557 collection generally gathers works of similar genres together, yet bears no separate headings. A table of contents presents the full title of each piece, but the pieces themselves are often left with only a part of that title, and the genre designation that appears in the table of contents is often lacking. Though this volume is useful in its coverage of all the major genres practiced in Spain, it is not easy to use in finding particular types of pieces, and it therefore differs from those of the vihuelists. ^84

中文讲解

本段讨论Venegas de Henestrosa 1557年的曲集,作为对比案例的第三个——介于Baena的纯教学性与维韦拉琴曲集的演奏性之间的折衷编排。第一层结构观察:曲集"大体上把同类体裁的作品聚在一起”(generally gathers works of similar genres together),但"没有独立的标题”(bears no separate headings)——内部有分类逻辑,但没有显性章节标题。第二层编排细节:目录(table of contents)呈现每首作品的完整标题,但作品本身往往只留下该标题的一部分,体裁标识(genre designation)虽然在目录中出现,在曲集中常缺失。第三层评估:虽然该卷"在覆盖西班牙所有主要体裁上有用”(useful in its coverage of all the major genres practiced in Spain),但"在查找特定类型作品时不易使用”(not easy to use in finding particular types of pieces),因此"与维韦拉琴演奏者们的曲集不同”(differs from those of the vihuelists)。本段论证作用:通过展示Venegas曲集"目录与正文不一致”、“无章节标题”、“难以按体裁查找"的特征,作者凸显维韦拉琴曲集在"便于使用"上的优势——这与P0142中"实用性"判断形成呼应。

补充说明

脚注84对应Venegas曲集与维韦拉琴曲集的区别,原文未给出具体内容,不予补写。曲集编于1557年,是本节涉及的较早印刷品之一。

第19段(P0142)

原文复述

It is impossible to assess how practical these books were in reality, just as it also is not possible to know how well or poorly commonplace books achieved their lofty goals. Some students who used them likely enjoyed having some clever quotes to use in conversation, but may not have used them as the basis of, or model for, extended, original arguments. Similarly, these vihuela prints were not used as beginning books for music study, and their practical nature for performance specifically, rather than learning generally, is illustrated by contrasting their organization with that of Spanish theoretical treatises that progress from simpler concepts to

中文讲解

本段开始收束本节论证,做出几个关键判断。第一层判断——关于评估的方法论局限:“要评估这些曲集在现实中有多实用是不可能的”(impossible to assess how practical these books were in reality),恰如"也不可能知道commonplace books实现其宏伟目标的程度”(not possible to know how well or poorly commonplace books achieved their lofty goals)。这是本节论证中最显学的谦逊陈述——作者自觉无法量化这些曲集的实际使用效果。第二层——commonplace books的现实使用:一些学生/使用者可能"享受拥有几句巧妙引语用于对话”(enjoyed having some clever quotes to use in conversation),但"未必把它们用作延伸性原创论证的基础或范本”(may not have used them as the basis of, or model for, extended, original arguments)。第三层——类比回维韦拉琴曲集:“类似地,这些维韦拉琴曲集并未被用作音乐学习的入门书”(were not used as beginning books for music study)。它们的"实用性”——“具体而言是演奏而非一般意义上的学习”(for performance specifically, rather than learning generally)——通过对比西班牙理论论著(theoretical treatises)的组织得到说明——后者按"由简至繁的概念"(from simpler concepts to more difficult ones)展开。本句在页面底部被截断,下一段将完成"to more difficult ones"以及本节的总论。

补充说明

脚注85对应这一对比,将出现在下一段的延伸中。

第20段(P0143)

原文复述

This content downloaded from 140.182.176.13 on Tue, 21 Jul 2026 21:42:14 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

中文讲解

重复的JSTOR页眉/页脚模板,属版面元素。

补充说明

无实质内容。

第21段(P0144)

原文复述

more difficult ones. ^85 They were used as a source of repertoire that could be learned and memorized, or that provided models on which students could base their own compositions, all of which could be employed in polite company, as was required of educated men and women of certain classes. The works may have been used by professional musicians employed by aristocrats, or by humanistically educated amateurs. The collections hold a rich variety of material that any vihuelist might want for any situation: vocal works and intabulations, fantasias and tientos, all serving as repertoire, models, and even teaching pieces. Eminently practical, like the commonplace book of quotable quotes, the vihuela prints provided aspiring musicians and social-climbing amateurs with carefully arranged contents for easy access to the material they might need to gain and spend their cultural capital.

中文讲解

本段是P0142的延续,也是本节的总论。第一层接续P0142:“more difficult ones."——把西班牙理论论著(按由简至繁的概念组织)与维韦拉琴曲集(按演奏实用性组织)对比的完整陈述完成。第二层——维韦拉琴曲集的实际用途:它们被用作"可学习、可记忆的曲目来源”(source of repertoire that could be learned and memorized),或"为学生自己创作提供范本"(provided models on which students could base their own compositions),所有这些"都可在上流社交场合中使用"(could be employed in polite company)——这正符合某些阶层的男女受教育者的要求(as was required of educated men and women of certain classes)。第三层——使用人群:作品可能由"受雇于贵族的专业音乐家"(professional musicians employed by aristocrats)或"受过人文主义教育的业余爱好者"(humanistically educated amateurs)使用。第四层——曲集内容的丰富性:曲集含有任何维韦拉琴演奏者在任何场合都可能想要的丰富材料——声乐作品和intabulations、fantasias和tientos——所有这些都兼具曲目、范本乃至教学片段三种功能(repertoire, models, and even teaching pieces)。第五层——本节压轴判断(类比收束):“极其务实(Eminently practical),一如可引用引语的commonplace book,维韦拉琴曲集为’有抱负的音乐家’和’试图向上爬的业余爱好者’(aspiring musicians and social-climbing amateurs)提供了’精心编排的内容’(carefully arranged contents),便于他们获得并消费所需的’文化资本’(cultural capital)。“这是本节最浓缩的总结句:“Eminently practical”——曲集高度务实;与commonplace book的类比把曲集比作"可引用引语集”,强调其"摘录—再使用"的工具性;“social-climbing amateurs”——揭示业余爱好者的使用动机不仅是艺术性的,更是社会性的;“cultural capital”(文化资本)——作者借用社会学/文化研究的关键概念,把维韦拉琴演奏定位为获取并消费文化资本的行为。

补充说明

脚注85是本节唯一一处支持该判断的脚注;本段引用的"carefully arranged contents"与"cultural capital"两组短语是本节论证的关键总结。“social-climbing amateurs"是作者略带反讽的表述,揭示维韦拉琴曲集在社会分层与文化资本积累中的角色。

脚注 / 边栏 / 图表 / 附加信息(如有)

本节正文段落中包含多处上标脚注编号(72、73、74、75、76、77、78、79、80、81、82、83、84、85),由于脚注原文未在task_input范围内提供,无法补全其内容;它们分别对应Mudarra的glosas体例、Bermudo论声乐转写、Mengozzi关于Albert de Ripa的研究、Le Roy与Galilei的教材、Coelho论Cavalcanti曲集、Fuenllana与Mudarra的调式陈述、Valderrábano关于duets的引文、Baena的难度编排、Cabezón的销售数据与键盘需求解释、Venegas曲集与维韦拉琴曲集的区别,以及本节末尾关于西班牙理论论著对比的脚注85。这些脚注在正文论证中起支持、来源、佐证等作用。本节未涉及图表或乐谱占位符。

💡 本节核心要点

  1. 维韦拉琴曲集承担多重使用功能:虔敬场合(弥撒、经文歌改编)、宫廷社交场合(西班牙语与外语歌曲)、舞曲场合(少数曲集收录),以及基础学习与模仿创作;每种功能与特定曲目体裁相对应。
  2. 本节的核心诠释框架是commonplace book(常识摘录本)的类比:维韦拉琴曲集如同"可演奏的引语集”——材料可被摘取、记忆、重组,并在社交场合重新部署以展示文化资本。
  3. 声乐intabulations在所有曲集中占主导地位,表明维韦拉琴学习遵循当时的专业方法(Bermudo、Sancta Maria):先抄写并记忆声乐作品的motives、cadences、points of imitation,再将其扩展为fantasias。
  4. 不同编者选择不同的组织原则——按调式排列(Milán、Daza、Fuenllana)、按难度递进编排(Baena)、按声部与tuning训练(Valderrábano)、按体裁聚类但缺标题(Venegas)——这些选择反映其对"教学"与"演奏"两种功能的权衡。
  5. 与Baena(纯教学)、Cabezón(兼具教学与演奏但受乐器属性限制)、Venegas(体裁完整但难以查找)的对比表明:维韦拉琴曲集位于"系统教程"与"演奏实用曲集"之间,其"精心编排便于检索"的组织方式是其社交实用性的关键。
  6. 本节以社会学判断收束:有抱负的音乐家与"social-climbing amateurs"通过这些曲集获得并消费cultural capital——演奏维韦拉琴既是艺术行为,也是社会阶层的文化投资。

🔑 关键术语

  • Vihuela:16世纪西班牙流行的拨弦乐器,体积与吉他相近但调弦与形制不同。本节讨论的维韦拉琴曲集由Milán、Narváez、Mudarra、Valderrábano、Fuenllana、Pisador、Daza等编纂,是本节的核心对象。
  • Intabulation:将声乐作品(多为经文歌、弥撒段落)改编为器乐形式的实践。本节强调声乐intabulations的普遍性,及其在维韦拉琴曲集中作为"声乐材料—器乐实践"桥梁的核心功能。
  • Fantasia / Tiento:两种相互交叠的16世纪西班牙器乐曲体裁,多为自由结构或基于已知model的变奏与扩展。本节中fantasias在曲集中既作演奏曲目,也作"如何基于model创作"的范例;tientos被Fuenllana等按调式编排以服务学习。
  • Commonplace book:文艺复兴时期流行的引语/知识摘录本,使用者从中摘取句子用于对话或写作。本节把维韦拉琴曲集类比为commonplace book:使用者从中摘取motives、cadences、points of imitation等片段用于演奏或社交展示,而非系统学习整部作品。
  • Gloss / Glosa:对原作的扩展性注释或变奏形式;Mudarra按poetic glosas(诗歌注释体)结构组织其对Josquin、Fevin作品的glosas,先呈现gloss再呈现未装饰原句,以此示范"如何制作一个gloss”。
  • Modes / Tones:16世纪音乐的调式体系。Milán、Daza、Fuenllana、Mudarra等按调式(tones/modes)排列曲目,为学习者提供基础音乐教育;Mudarra的引文显示当时存在"tones"与"modes"术语混用,他把"tones"视为"更准确地应称为modes"的同一现象。
  • Tablature:为弦乐器设计的记谱体系(如数字谱或字母谱),与声乐总谱相对。Bermudo主张学习者先把声乐作品抄成总谱,再抄成tablature,这是本节"声乐→器乐"学习路径的关键环节。
  • Cultural capital:本节压轴借用的社会学概念,指通过文化活动(此处为演奏维韦拉琴)所获取并可在社交场合"消费"的象征性资源。作者借此说明:维韦拉琴曲集的组织方式服务于"social-climbing amateurs"积累并展示文化资本的需要。

S1.9 Notes

第1段(P0145)

原文复述

Notes

中文讲解

本段为整个小节的标题“Notes”(注释/尾注),其作用是标示下文为正文之后的编号脚注或尾注集合,按编号顺序提供文献出处、长引文和补充说明。读者据此了解到,正文后跟随的不是一般参考文献表,而是文中各处上标编号对应的逐条注释。

第2段(P0146)

原文复述

Deborah Lawrence is an associate professor of music at St. Mary’s College of Maryland. The music of Renaissance Spain has been the focus of both her published articles and her doctoral dissertation. She is currently writing a book on music education in early modern Spain. E-mail: dalawrence@smcm.edu.

中文讲解

本段为作者简介,说明作者 Deborah Lawrence 是马里兰州圣玛丽学院音乐副教授,研究方向为文艺复兴时期西班牙音乐(已发表的论文和博士论文均围绕此主题),目前正在撰写一部关于近代早期西班牙音乐教育的著作,并附上电子邮件联系方式。该段为识别作者学术身份与研究领域提供背景,使读者能将正文论证与作者已有的专业积累相联系。

第3段(P0147)

原文复述
  1. For a view of vihuela prints used in various urban settings, see John Griffiths, “Hidalgo, Merchant, Poet, Priest: The Vihuela in the Urban Soundscape,” Early Music 37, no. 3 (August 2009): 355–65.
中文讲解

第 1 条注释为参考文献指引,介绍 John Griffiths 发表于《Early Music》2009 年 8 月号的文章《Hidalgo, Merchant, Poet, Priest: The Vihuela in the Urban Soundscape》(第 37 卷第 3 期,355–65 页)。作者借此提示读者,若想了解维韦拉琴曲谱在各种城市环境中的使用情况,可参阅此文。该注释为正文关于维韦拉琴曲谱使用语境的观点提供外部佐证来源。

第4段(P0148)

原文复述
  1. Pierre Bourdieu, “The Forms of Capital,” in Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, ed. John G. Richardson, trans. Richard Nice (New York: Greenwood Press, 1986), 241–58. Originally published as “Ökonomisches Kapital, kulturelles Kapital, soziales Kapital,” in Soziale Ungleichheiten (Soziale Welt, Sonderheft 2), ed. Reinhard Kreckel (Goettingen: Otto Schartz, 1983), 183–98. Bourdieu identifies subcategories of cultural capital that apply to the use of vihuela prints: the “objectified” state of cultural capital, which would include the instruments themselves, or any other physical manifestation of cultural worth, and the “embodied” form, which is the internalized knowledge and appreciation of music—the recognition of music’s value.
中文讲解

第 2 条注释给出 Bourdieu(布尔迪厄)《资本的形式》的完整出处信息:1986 年由 Richardson 主编、Nice 翻译的英文版,收入《Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education》第 241–58 页;原文 1983 年以德文发表于《Soziale Ungleichheiten》(Goettingen: Otto Schartz),第 183–98 页。注释还解释 Bourdieu 区分了文化资本的两个子类别,并将其应用于维韦拉琴曲谱:即“物化(objectified)”状态——包括乐器本身以及任何具有文化价值的物质形态,和“具身化(embodied)”形态——已内化的音乐知识与对音乐价值的辨识能力。作者借助该注释明确指出理论框架的来源及其在正文中的具体应用方式。

第5段(P0149)

原文复述
  1. The most complete discussion of the nature and purpose of these learning tools is by Ann Moss, Printed Commonplace-Books and the Structuring of Renaissance Thought (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996). See also Ann Blair’s “Humanist Methods in Natural Philosophy: The Commonplace Book,” Journal of the History of Ideas 53, no. 4 (October–December, 1992): 541–51. Blair illustrates how arrangements of knowledge manipulate and influence thought in natural science.
中文讲解

第 3 条注释指出,最全面讨论这些学习工具(指 commonplace books,摘录簿)性质与目的的著作是 Ann Moss 的《Printed Commonplace-Books and the Structuring of Renaissance Thought》(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996)。同时建议读者参阅 Ann Blair 刊于《Journal of the History of Ideas》1992 年 10–12 月号(第 53 卷第 4 期,541–51 页)的《Humanist Methods in Natural Philosophy: The Commonplace Book》,说明 Blair 以自然科学中的例子展示了知识的排列如何操纵并影响思想。作者借此为正文关于摘录簿作为学习工具的论述提供权威文献支持。

第6段(P0150)

原文复述

4. Moss, Printed Commonplace-Books, 25.

中文讲解

第 4 条注释为简短出注,仅给出文献来源 Moss《Printed Commonplace-Books》第 25 页。该注释采用简写形式(仅作者姓、书名缩写与页码),表明此处引用是同行所熟知的基础文献,无需重复完整书目信息。

第7段(P0151)

原文复述
  1. Moss says that the flower motive recalls the quotation of Seneca that “we should roam at random, gather from flowers most suitable for making honey, and then collect and arrange what we have won into a honeycomb of receptacles. We should imitate bees and we should keep in separate compartments whatever we have collected from our diverse
中文讲解

第 5 条注释开始引用 Moss 的论述,意在说明摘录簿中“花朵”这一意象的来源。注释指出,Moss 提到花朵意象让人想起 Seneca(塞涅卡)的一段话:我们应随意漫游,从花丛中采集最适合酿蜜的花朵,然后将所获之物整理放入蜂巢的小格中;我们应效仿蜜蜂,把从不同阅读中收集来的东西分门别类存放。Moss 借这条注与下文联系,揭示了蜂巢与采蜜意象在文艺复兴阅读方法中的隐喻基础。

第8段(P0152)

原文复述

This content downloaded from 140.182.176.13 on Tue, 21 Jul 2026 21:42:14 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

中文讲解

本段为 JSTOR 平台的标准页脚/系统提示,说明该页内容下载自 IP 地址 140.182.176.13,下载时间为 2026 年 7 月 21 日 21:42:14 UTC,并提示使用须遵循 JSTOR 平台条款。此处仅起版面包识作用,不承载论证内容。

第9段(P0153)

原文复述

reading, for things conserved separately keep better. Then, diligently applying all the resources of our native talent, we should mingle all the various nectars we have tasted, and turn them into a single sweet substance, in such a way that, even if it is apparent where it originated, it appears quite different from what it was in its original state.” Moss, Printed Commonplace-Books, 12. Moss also points out that Seneca was already advocating careful placement of ideas based on topic for later recall.

中文讲解

本段接续第 5 条注释,继续引用 Seneca 的话:“因为分开保存的事物能保存得更久。随后,勤勉地运用我们天赋的全部能力,把我们尝过的各种花蜜混合起来,化为一种单一的甜美物质,使即便能看出它源自何处,看上去也与它原本的样子截然不同。” 出处为 Moss《Printed Commonplace-Books》第 12 页。Moss 还指出,Seneca 已经在倡导按主题小心安排观念,以便日后回忆。该注释为正文关于摘录簿方法与按主题分类的论述提供古典文献根源。

第10段(P0154)

原文复述
  1. Rosas de romances includes the following: Book 1, Rosa de amores, concerning topics of love; Book 2, Rosa española, containing stories of the history of Spain; Book 3, Rosa gentil, a collection of romances on Roman and Greek topics; and Book 4, Rosa real, romances about persons of nobility. Rosas de romances was printed in 1573 in Valencia. The collection is available in facsimile edition as Rosas de romances (Oxford: Dolphin Book Company, 1963).
中文讲解

第 6 条注释介绍诗集《Rosas de romances》的内部结构:第一册《Rosa de amores》,题材为爱情;第二册《Rosa española》,含西班牙历史故事;第三册《Rosa gentil》,收录以罗马、希腊题材写成的 romance;第四册《Rosa real》,为贵族人物的 romance。该集于 1573 年在瓦伦西亚印行,现有 1963 年由 Oxford Dolphin Book Company 出版的影印本。作者借此注释为正文论及的浪漫曲集提供版本与目录依据。

第11段(P0155)

原文复述
  1. Ruth El Saffar, “The ‘I’ of the Beholder: Self and Other in Some Golden Age Texts,” in Cultural Authority in Golden Age Spain, ed. Marina S. Brownlee and Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press 1995), chap. 9, esp. 180–81.
中文讲解

第 7 条注释给出 Ruth El Saffar 的文章《The ‘I’ of the Beholder: Self and Other in Some Golden Age Texts》的完整出处,收入 Brownlee 与 Gumbrecht 主编的《Cultural Authority in Golden Age Spain》(Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995)第 9 章,特别是 180–81 页。该注释为正文关于“自我与他者”看法或读者视角的论点提供学术参考。

第12段(P0156)

原文复述
  1. Mary Thomas Crane, Framing Authority: Sayings, Self, and Society in Sixteenth-Century England (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), 12.
中文讲解

第 8 条注释为简短出注,列出来源:Mary Thomas Crane,《Framing Authority: Sayings, Self, and Society in Sixteenth-Century England》(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993),第 12 页。作者借此为正文关于 16 世纪英格兰格言辑录与社会权威建构的论述提供对照文献(虽属英格兰背景,但常用于与西班牙做法作比较)。

第13段(P0157)

原文复述
  1. Moss, Printed Commonplace-Books, 11.
中文讲解

第 9 条注释为简式引注,仅给出 Moss《Printed Commonplace-Books》第 11 页。其作用是支持正文某处关于摘录簿方法或性质的简短主张。

第14段(P0158)

原文复述
  1. Lugares Comunes de conceptos, dichos, y Sentencias, en diversas materias, Compuesto por el Licenciado Ioan de Aranda vezino de Iaen (Seville: Juan de Leon, 1595). In this and all subsequent quotations, the original spellings are retained unless otherwise indicated, but abbreviations are spelled out.
中文讲解

第 10 条注释首次给出西班牙语原文书名:《Lugares Comunes de conceptos, dichos, y Sentencias, en diversas materias》,由 Jaén 的 Licenciado Ioan de Aranda 编撰,1595 年由 Seville 的 Juan de Leon 印行。注释还声明编辑规范:在本著及之后所有引文中,除非另作说明,原文拼写予以保留,但缩写予以补全。该规则让读者理解后续出现的早期西班牙语引文的拼写与缩写处理方式。

第15段(P0159)

原文复述
  1. Roger Boase, The Troubadour Revival: A Study of Social Change and Traditionalism in Late Medieval Spain (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978), 159.
中文讲解

第 11 条注释简短出注:Roger Boase,《The Troubadour Revival: A Study of Social Change and Traditionalism in Late Medieval Spain》(London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978),第 159 页。该注释为正文关于晚期中世纪西班牙社会变迁与文化保守主义背景的论述提供参考。

第16段(P0160)

原文复述
  1. Tess Knighton discusses the musical activities and festivities of one such newly risen family in “Spaces and Contexts for Listening in 15th-Century Castile: The Case of the Constable’s Palace in Jaén,” Early Music 25, no. 4 (November 1997): 661–77.
中文讲解

第 12 条注释指引读者参阅 Tess Knighton 发表于《Early Music》1997 年 11 月号(第 25 卷第 4 期,661–77 页)的文章《Spaces and Contexts for Listening in 15th-Century Castile: The Case of the Constable’s Palace in Jaén》。注释指出,Knighton 在文中讨论了 15 世纪卡斯蒂利亚一个新兴家族( Jaén 总督府)所举办的音乐活动与节庆。该注释为正文关于新兴贵族家庭音乐生活的论述提供具体例证。

第17段(P0161)

原文复述
  1. Roberta Freund Schwartz, “En busca de liberalidad: Music and Musicians in the Courts of Spanish Nobility, 1470–1640” (PhD dissertation, University of Illinois Champagne, 2001), 12–13.
中文讲解

第 13 条注释列出 Roberta Freund Schwartz 的博士论文《En busca de liberalidad: Music and Musicians in the Courts of Spanish Nobility, 1470–1640》(University of Illinois Champagne, 2001),第 12–13 页。该注释为正文关于 1470–1640 年间西班牙贵族宫廷音乐生活和“liberalidad(慷慨/雅量)”概念的论述提供学术依据。

第18段(P0162)

原文复述
  1. Baldassare Castiglione, The Book of the Courtier, trans. Charles S. Singleton (Garden City: Doubleday, 1959), 109–10.
中文讲解

第 14 条注释给出 Castiglione(卡斯蒂廖内)《The Book of the Courtier》的译本出处:Charles S. Singleton 译(Garden City: Doubleday, 1959),第 109–10 页。该注释为正文援引《侍臣论》中关于宫廷礼仪、音乐修养等主张提供版本。

第19段(P0163)

原文复述
  1. Louis Gásser, Luis Milán on Sixteenth-Century Performance Practice (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1996), 33.
中文讲解

第 15 条注释简短出注:Louis Gásser,《Luis Milán on Sixteenth-Century Performance Practice》(Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1996),第 33 页。该注释为正文讨论 Luis Milán 演奏实践的论述提供学术参考。

第20段(P0164)

原文复述
  1. Schwartz, in “En busca,” remarks that these poetic conversations, especially the frequency of them, seem unlikely (70–71). Yet in light of the thousands of popular poems and song texts printed in sixteenth-century Spain, their purchasers were likely to read and reread them, committing to memory especially useful or poignant phrases. Then, as now, popular songs became their lingua franca, even more so when they had to be performed live to be enjoyed, rather than listened to from a recording.
中文讲解

第 16 条注释解释一个看似反常的现象:Schwartz 在《En busca》中指出,这些诗化对话(尤其是频率之高)显得不太可能(70–71 页)。然而,作者强调,鉴于 16 世纪西班牙印刷了数以千计的流行诗与歌词,其购买者很可能反复阅读,记下特别有用或动人的词句;彼时与今时一样,流行歌曲成为他们的通用语言,在必须现场演唱才能欣赏时(而非通过录音)更是如此。该注释为正文关于流行歌曲在社会交往中扮演的核心角色提供论据。

第21段(P0165)

原文复述
  1. Hernando de Castillo, Cancionero general (Valencia: 1511). Facsimile edition, with introduction, bibliography, indices, and appendices by Antonio Rodríguez-Moñino (Madrid: Castalia, 1958), fol. 143v–46v.
中文讲解

第 17 条注释给出 Hernando de Castillo《Cancionero general》(Valencia: 1511)的初版出处,并提供影印本信息:1958 年由 Madrid Castalia 出版,附 Antonio Rodríguez-Moñino 所撰序言、书目、索引与附录,第 143v–46v 页。该注释为正文讨论《Cancionero general》在诗化对话与摘录文化中的地位提供版本依据。

第22段(P0166)

原文复述

This content downloaded from 140.182.176.13 on Tue, 21 Jul 2026 21:42:14 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

中文讲解

本段为 JSTOR 平台标准页脚,显示本次下载的 IP 地址、UTC 时间(2026 年 7 月 21 日 21:42:14)以及使用条款提示,仅为版面包识,不含学术内容。

第23段(P0167)

原文复述
  1. Luis Milán, Libro de motes (Valencia: 1535).
中文讲解

第 18 条注释简短出注:Luis Milán《Libro de motes》(Valencia: 1535)。该注释为正文援引 Milán 此书中的“motes(警语/俏皮话)”提供来源。

第24段(P0168)

原文复述
  1. “Dixo el paje: Señor don Luis Milan, mi señora y las señoras que arriba están, mueren de deseo de veros y oiros, y dicen que si vuestra merced tiene el mismo deseo, podréis cantar: Nunca fuera caballero / De damas más bien querido. Respondió don Luis Milan: Paje, direis á todas esas señoras que os envian, que yo les beso las manos y cumpliré su deseo, pues el mio muere porque me vean y oigan, y responderé á su romance con este villancico: Se amores m’han de matar, / Agora ternán lugar. Dixo don Diego Ladron: Don Luis Milan, vamos, vamos, que yo temo de cantar: D’este mal moriré, madre, / D’este mal moriré yo. Y en ser todos delante las damas, don Diego tomó de la mano á don Luis Milan, diciendo: Señoras, hé aquí á Orfeo / Que yo le querria más feo. Dixo la señora doña Leonor Gualvez: Señor don Diego: Nunca os vi tener temor / Á ningun competidor, / Y agora veo / Que Narciso teme á Orfeo. Dixo don Luis Milan: Señora doña Leonor, con una glosa quiero responder á vuestra merced, que me mandó hacer una dama á este / MOTE, / Guárdeme Dios de mí.” Luis Milán, Libro intitulado El Cortesano, ed. Feliciano Ramírez de Arellano and José León Sancho Rayón (Madrid: Aribau y c.a, 1874), 118–19.
中文讲解

第 19 条注释为长引文,内容是 Luis Milán《Libro intitulado El Cortesano》中书童与 Luis Milán、Don Diego Ladron、Doña Leonor Gualvez 之间围绕歌曲和 motes 展开的一段对话,包括对歌体(responder a un romance con un villancico)的示例,最后以 Milán 准备为 doña Leonor 出一首 mote 结束。出处为 1874 年 Aribau y c.a 出版的《Libro intitulado El Cortesano》(Ramírez de Arellano 和 Sancho Rayón 编),第 118–19 页。该注释为正文关于 motes 宫廷游戏与即兴对答的论述提供原始文本依据。

第25段(P0169)

原文复述
  1. Gásser notes in Luis Milán: “Most of the musical examples in El Cortesano are illustrations of musical recitation, a genre that was documented from the previous century and was considered the most direct path to the affections of the soul” (29).
中文讲解

第 20 条注释引用 Gásser 关于 Luis Milán 的论说:El Cortesano 中的大多数音乐示例是“音乐朗诵(musical recitation)”的例证,该体裁在前一世纪已有记载,并被视为直达灵魂情感的最直接途径(第 29 页)。该注释为正文关于朗诵体音乐在文艺复兴西班牙社会、尤其在宫廷语境中的作用的论述提供专家参考。

第26段(P0170)

原文复述
  1. Galateo español by Dantisco was first published in 1586. In the modern edition, Morreale observes that a more democratic audience was intended for Dantisco’s book than for Castiglione’s. Lucas Gracián Dantisco, Galateo español, preliminary study, notes, and glossary by Margherita Morreale (Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1968).
中文讲解

第 21 条注释交代 Dantisco 的《Galateo español》首版于 1586 年;Morreale 在现代版中指出,Dantisco 此书所设想的读者群比 Castiglione 的《Il Cortegiano》更为大众化。出处为 Margherita Morreale 撰序、注释与词汇表的现代版(Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1968)。该注释为正文比较两部礼仪书所面向读者的社会阶层提供史料依据。

第27段(P0171)

原文复述
  1. Giovanni Della Casa, El Galateo italiano (Venice: 1558); Morreale, Galateo español, 2.
中文讲解

第 22 条注释并列两个来源:Giovanni Della Casa《El Galateo italiano》(Venice: 1558),以及 Morreale《Galateo español》第 2 页。该注释为正文讨论 Dantisco《Galateo español》与 Della Casa《Galateo italiano》之间的渊源提供版本依据。

第28段(P0172)

原文复述
  1. Dantisco, Galateo Español, chap. 4, Fol. 23r, mod. ed. 120: “De la manera que se deve tener en el hablar.” The original text, paraphrased above, is: “Puédese errar el hablar de muchas y varias maneras, y primeramente en la material que se propone; la qual no deve ser fría, de poca sustancia, ni baxa y vil, porque los que la oyen, en lugar de recrearse, escarnecen de la plática, y del que la dize también.”
中文讲解

第 23 条注释首次引用 Dantisco《Galateo Español》第 4 章 (Fol. 23r,现代版 120 页)关于“说话的礼仪应如何保持(De la manera que se deve tener en el hablar)”的段落,并附上原文:“Puédese errar el hablar de muchas y varias maneras, y primeramente en la material que se propone; la qual no deve ser fría, de poca sustancia, ni baxa y vil, porque los que la oyen, en lugar de recrearse, escarnecen de la plática, y del que la dize también.” 这段引文强调讲话的题材不应贫乏、低俗,否则听者非但不感到愉悦,反会嘲笑说话人本身。该注释为正文关于说话话题与情境的论述提供原典出处。

第29段(P0173)

原文复述
  1. Dantisco, Galateo Español, chap. 11, fol. 66v–67v, and chap. 12, mod. ed. 152–55.
中文讲解

第 24 条注释简洁出注:来源为 Dantisco《Galateo Español》第 11 章(原稿 Fol. 66v–67v)与第 12 章(现代版 152–55 页)。该注释为正文关于与不同身份听众交往礼仪的论述提供章节定位。

第30段(P0174)

原文复述
  1. “De los que se dan a la poesía, sin tener partes bastantes.” Dantisco, Galateo español, fol. 90v, mod. ed. 170.
中文讲解

第 25 条注释引用 Dantisco《Galateo español》中关于“论那些才力不足却投身诗作之人(De los que se dan a la poesía, sin tener partes bastantes)”的章节:原稿 Fol. 90v,现代版第 170 页。该注释为正文批评不具备足够资质而从事诗歌创作者的观点提供原始出处。

第31段(P0175)

原文复述
  1. “Y porque no es mi intento hazer cancionero aquí, ni arte de poesía, me remito a lo mucho y muy bueno que hay escrito, antiguo y moderno.” Dantisco, Galateo español, fol. 91v, mod. ed. 170.
中文讲解

第 26 条注释引用 Dantisco《Galateo español》原文:“Y porque no es mi intento hazer cancionero aquí, ni arte de poesía, me remito a lo mucho y muy bueno que hay escrito, antiguo y moderno.” (由于我无意在此编纂歌集或诗艺,我将这一切交由古今已有的、众多优秀的著作去承担。) 出处:原稿 Fol. 91v,现代版 170 页。该注释体现 Dantisco 在书中将诗艺话题让位于现成文献的修辞策略。

第32段(P0176)

原文复述
  1. “De los muy Buenos, así antiguos, como modernos, llenos están los libros y cancioneros de poetas famosos y laureados, a los cuales remito al discreto lector.” Dantisco, Galateo español, fol. 93v, mod. ed. 172.
中文讲解

第 27 条注释引用 Dantisco《Galateo español》原文:“De los muy Buenos, así antiguos, como modernos, llenos están los libros y cancioneros de poetas famosos y laureados, a los cuales remito al discreto lector.” (古今最优秀的诗作已盈满著名桂冠诗人的书册与歌集,我请有识的读者自行参阅。) 出处:原稿 Fol. 93v,现代版 172 页。该注释继续表明 Dantisco 把读者引向既有诗集与歌集的“摘录”式写作策略。

第33段(P0177)

原文复述
  1. Francisco de Monzón, Libro primero del espejo del principe christiano, compuesto y nuevamente revisto, y muy emendado, con nueva composicion (Lisbon: Antonio Gonalvez, 1571), fol. 66v–67v.
中文讲解

第 28 条注释给出 Francisco de Monzón《Libro primero del espejo del principe christiano》(Lisbon: Antonio Gonalvez, 1571)的完整书目信息,所引位置为 Fol. 66v–67v。该注释为正文关于基督徒君主镜鉴类作品与教育用书之关联的论述提供来源。

第34段(P0178)

原文复述
  1. Griffiths, “Hidalgo,” 358.
中文讲解

第 29 条注释为简式引注,指向 John Griffiths《Hidalgo》一文第 358 页。所指应为前文注释 1 所列 Griffiths 关于维韦拉琴在城市声景中的文章。

第35段(P0179)

原文复述
  1. Griffiths, “Hidalgo,” 358.
中文讲解

第 30 条注释同样简式引注 Griffiths《Hidalgo》第 358 页。其与第 29 条相邻出现,作者很可能借此引出 Griffiths 文中相关观点的具体引用或对其论述的转述。

第36段(P0180)

原文复述

This content downloaded from 140.182.176.13 on Tue, 21 Jul 2026 21:42:14 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

中文讲解

本段为 JSTOR 平台标准页脚,标示本次下载的 IP、UTC 时间(2026 年 7 月 21 日 21:42:14)及使用条款,仅为版面包识。

第37段(P0181)

原文复述
  1. Christine Diego Pacheco, “Beyond Church and Court: City Musicians and Music in Renaissance Valladolid,” Early Music 37, no. 3 (August 2009): 373.
中文讲解

第 31 条注释简短出注:Christine Diego Pacheco《Beyond Church and Court: City Musicians and Music in Renaissance Valladolid》,《Early Music》第 37 卷第 3 期(2009 年 8 月)第 373 页。该注释为正文关于文艺复兴时期巴利亚多利德城市音乐家超越教会与宫廷之作用的论述提供来源。

第38段(P0182)

原文复述
  1. Schwartz, ‘En Busca,’ 54, 67–68.
中文讲解

第 32 条注释简式引注:Schwartz《En busca》第 54 页与 67–68 页。所指是前文注释 13 列出的 Schwartz 博士论文,作者借此为正文关于贵族府邸音乐活动的论述提供页码定位。

第39段(P0183)

原文复述
  1. Alfabeto is a system of assigning chords a letter—A, B, C, etc.—according to a predetermined plan. The most commonly used chords were typically indicated by the first letters of the alphabet, with later alphabet letters reserved for seldom-employed sonorities.
中文讲解

第 33 条注释解释“alfabeto”术语:一种按规定方案将和弦指派为字母(A、B、C 等)的体系,最常用的和弦通常用字母表开头的字母表示,少用和声则用字母表后部字母。该注释为正文读者提供读懂早期维韦拉琴曲谱所用“字母记谱法(alfabeto)”的关键术语解释。

第40段(P0184)

原文复述
  1. These are El Maestro, Luis Milán, Valencia 1536 (1536₅); El Delphín de música, Luis de Narváez, Valladolid, 1538 (1538₁); Tres libros de música, Alonso Mudarra, Seville, 1546 (1546₁₄); Silva de sirenas, Enriquez Valderrábano, Valladolid, 1547 (1547₅); Libro de música de vihuela, Diego Pisador, Salamanca, 1552 (1552₇); Orphénica lyra, Miguel de Fuenllana, Seville, 1554 (1554₃); Libro de cifra nueva para tecla, harpa y vihuela, published by Luis Venegas de Henestrosa in Alcalá (1557₂); El Parnasso, Esteban Daza, Valladolid, 1576 (1576₁); and Obras de música para tecla, arpa, y vihuela, Antonio de Cabezón, Madrid 1578 (1578₃). The subscript numbers in parentheses, here and below, indicate their catalog number in Howard Mayer Brown’s Instrumental Music Printed Before 1600: A Bibliography (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965; repr. Lincoln: 2000).
中文讲解

第 34 条注释是正文论及九部维韦拉琴曲谱的完整目录:Milán 的《El Maestro》(Valencia, 1536)、Narváez 的《El Delphín de música》(Valladolid, 1538)、Mudarra 的《Tres libros de música》(Seville, 1546)、Valderrábano 的《Silva de sirenas》(Valladolid, 1547)、Pisador 的《Libro de música de vihuela》(Salamanca, 1552)、Fuenllana 的《Orphénica lyra》(Seville, 1554)、Venegas de Henestrosa 编《Libro de cifra nueva para tecla, harpa y vihuela》(Alcalá, 1557)、Daza《El Parnasso》(Valladolid, 1576)以及 Cabezón《Obras de música para tecla, arpa, y vihuela》(Madrid, 1578)。括号中的下标为其在 Howard Mayer Brown《Instrumental Music Printed Before 1600: A Bibliography》(1965/2000)中的目录编号。该注释为正文关于维韦拉琴曲谱历时分布与数量统计的论述提供主文献清单。

第41段(P0185)

原文复述
  1. See Tess Knighton, “A Newly Discovered Keyboard Source (Gonzalo de Baena’s Arte nouamente inuentada pera aprender a tanger, Lisbon, 1540): A Preliminary Report,” Plainsong and Medieval Music 5, no. 1: 81–112.
中文讲解

第 35 条注释指引读者参阅 Tess Knighton《A Newly Discovered Keyboard Source (Gonzalo de Baena’s Arte nouamente inuentada pera aprender a tanger, Lisbon, 1540): A Preliminary Report》,刊于《Plainsong and Medieval Music》第 5 卷第 1 期, 81–112 页。该注释为正文论及键盘乐谱与维韦拉琴曲谱之关联、或具体作品的难易度判断提供来源。

第42段(P0186)

原文复述
  1. Hans Gerle, Musica und Tabulatur, auff die Instrument der kleinen und grossen Geygen, auch Luatten . . . (Nuremburg: 1546) (1546₉).
中文讲解

第 36 条注释简短出注:Hans Gerle《Musica und Tabulatur, auff die Instrument der kleinen und grossen Geygen, auch Luatten》(Nuremburg, 1546),在 Brown 目录中编号 1546₉。该注释为正文关于维韦拉琴谱与同时期德国琉特/小提琴谱并存现象的论述提供对照来源。

第43段(P0187)

原文复述
  1. Guillaume Morlaye, Le premier livre de chansons, Gaillardes, pavannes, bransles, almandes, fantaisies, Reduictes en tabulature de guiterne . . . (Paris: 1552) (1552₅).
中文讲解

第 37 条注释简短出注:Guillaume Morlaye《Le premier livre de chansons, Gaillardes, pavannes, bransles, almandes, fantaisies, Reduictes en tabulature de guiterne》(Paris, 1552),Brown 目录编号 1552₅。该注释为正文关于吉他和维韦拉琴记谱法在同一时期并存与互参的论述提供来源。

第44段(P0188)

原文复述
  1. Guillaume Morlaye, Quatriesme livre contenant plusieurs fantasies, chansons, gaillardes, paduanes, bransles, Reduictes en tabulature de guyterne, & au jeu de la cistre . . . (Paris: 1552) (1552₆)
中文讲解

第 38 条注释简短出注:Guillaume Morlaye《Quatriesme livre contenant plusieurs fantasies, chansons, gaillardes, paduanes, bransles, Reduictes en tabulature de guyterne, & au jeu de la cistre》(Paris, 1552),Brown 编号 1552₆。该注释继续为正文关于法西吉他/西斯特琴曲谱与维韦拉琴曲谱相近性的论述提供文献。

第45段(P0189)

原文复述
  1. Pierre Phalèse, Hortus Musarum in quo tanquam flosculi (Leuven: 1552) (1552₁₁).
中文讲解

第 39 条注释简短出注:Pierre Phalèse《Hortus Musarum in quo tanquam flosculi》(Leuven, 1552),Brown 目录编号 1552₁₁。该注释为正文关于同时期低地国家吉他/琉特曲谱的论述提供来源。值得注意的是,此书名源自拉丁文“hortus musarum(缪斯花园)”,与 “flosculi(小花)”意象呼应,正是正文中“摘录簿/花丛”比喻在曲谱题目中的体现。

第46段(P0190)

原文复述
  1. See Carol D. Harllee, “Sixteenth-Century Self-Help: Reception of the Dialogue in Spain” (PhD dissertation, University of Virginia, 2005).
中文讲解

第 40 条注释指引读者参阅 Carol D. Harllee 博士论文《Sixteenth-Century Self-Help: Reception of the Dialogue in Spain》(University of Virginia, 2005)。该注释为正文关于 16 世纪西班牙对话体作品作为“自助”读物的论述提供来源。

第47段(P0191)

原文复述
  1. Milán was a courtier, not a professional musician, although he obviously was quite talented. Indeed, he claims he “never had another teacher but [music] itself.” Charles Jacobs, Luis Milán: El Maestro, ed. and trans. Charles Jacobs (University Park and London: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1971), 11. Since it is unlikely he ever taught music, or vihuela, his claim that El Maestro presents the material as a teacher might is perhaps questionable.
中文讲解

第 41 条注释指出:Luis Milán 是一位廷臣而非职业音乐家,尽管他显然极有才华。他自称“除音乐本身外从未有过别的老师”。出处为 Charles Jacobs 编、译的《Luis Milán: El Maestro》(University Park and London: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1971),第 11 页。作者补充说,由于 Milán 似乎从未真正教过音乐或维韦拉琴,他宣称《El Maestro》以教师口吻呈现知识便显得有些可疑。该注释为正文讨论《El Maestro》写作姿态与作者身份张力的论述提供关键依据。

第48段(P0192)

原文复述
  1. Jacobs, Luis Milán: El Maestro, 23.
中文讲解

第 42 条注释简式引注:Jacobs 编《Luis Milán: El Maestro》第 23 页。该注释为正文关于《El Maestro》具体内容或编订者判断的论述提供页码定位。

第49段(P0193)

原文复述
  1. Valderrábano’s Book Five identifies the modes of most of the works, but does not present them in modal order.
中文讲解

第 43 条注释简短说明:Valderrábano《Silva de sirenas》第五册虽标注了大部分作品的调式(mode),但并未按调式顺序编排。该注释为正文关于 Valderrábano 编排方式之特点的论述提供依据。

第50段(P0194)

原文复述
  1. These are “Toda mi vida hos amé,” “Sospiró una señora quo yo ví,” “Quien amores ten,” “Poys dezeys que me quereys ben,” “Al amor quiero vencer,” “Aquel cavallero, madre,” “Amor que tan bien sirviendo,” “Levayme, amor, da questa terra,” “Un cuydado que mia vida ten,” and “Perdida teñyo la color.”
中文讲解

第 44 条注释列出十首作品的曲名(原文保留 16 世纪西班牙语拼写),包括 “Toda mi vida hos am锓Sospiró una señora quo yo v픓Quien amores ten”“Poys dezeys que me quereys ben”“Al amor quiero vencer”“Aquel cavallero, madre”“Amor que tan bien sirviendo”“Levayme, amor, da questa terra”“Un cuydado que mia vida ten”“Perdida teñyo la color”。该注释为正文就某维韦拉琴曲谱在爱情与宗教主题之间的过渡所作的列举提供曲目清单。

第51段(P0195)

原文复述

This content downloaded from 140.182.176.13 on Tue, 21 Jul 2026 21:42:14 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

中文讲解

本段为 JSTOR 平台标准页脚,记录下载 IP 和 UTC 时间(2026 年 7 月 21 日 21:42:14),并附使用条款提示,仅为版面包识。

第52段(P0196)

原文复述
  1. See Jack Sage, “A New Look at Humanism in Sixteenth-Century Lute and Vihuela Books,” Early Music 20, no. 4 (November 1992): 633–41.
中文讲解

第 45 条注释指引读者参阅 Jack Sage《A New Look at Humanism in Sixteenth-Century Lute and Vihuela Books》,《Early Music》第 20 卷第 4 期(1992 年 11 月)第 633–41 页。该注释为正文关于 16 世纪琉特与维韦拉琴曲谱中人文主义倾向的论述提供来源。

第53段(P0197)

原文复述
  1. “Esta musica se causa y perfecciona de siete Sirenas que ay en el alma, que son siete virtudes, las cuales despiertan el spiritu con su concordia y armonia, para sentir y conoscer las cosas divinas y humanas, y el gran bien que deste conocimiento se sigue. Esta en ninguna criatura terrena la puso dios con tanta razon y perfection como en el hombre, ni en los instrumentos de cuerdas como en el de la vihuela.” Valderrábano, Silva de sirenas, A1.
中文讲解

第 46 条注释引用 Valderrábano《Silva de sirenas》序言 A1 页:“Esta musica se causa y perfecciona de siete Sirenas que ay en el alma, que son siete virtudes, las cuales despiertan el spiritu con su concordia y armonia, para sentir y conoscer las cosas divinas y humanas, y el gran bien que deste conocimiento se sigue. Esta en ninguna criatura terrena la puso dios con tanta razon y perfection como en el hombre, ni en los instrumentos de cuerdas como en el de la vihuela.” 译意为:音乐源于灵魂中的七位 Sirena(海妖/缪斯,即七种美德),它们凭和谐唤醒精神去感知并认识神人两界之事及其巨大裨益;上帝在地上万物之中将其赋予人最合理完美,在弦乐器中赋予维韦拉琴最合理完美。该注释为正文关于维韦拉琴在 Valderrábano 笔下被神圣化、与人文主义理想相联的论述提供重要引文。

第54段(P0198)

原文复述
  1. “De do no solo la hizieron arte liberal y digna de nobles y cortesanos entendimientos / pero aun en todas las otras artes y disciplinas la entremetieron y mezclaron / con ella ponian valor en las replubicas / leyes y costumbres / y aun con ella dauan arte y gracia a todas las cosas que escreuían y tratauan.” Valderrábano, Silva de sirenas, A4r.
中文讲解

第 47 条注释引用 Valderrábano《Silva de sirenas》序言 A4r 页:“De do no solo la hizieron arte liberal y digna de nobles y cortesanos entendimientos / pero aun en todas las otras artes y disciplinas la entremetieron y mezclaron / con ella ponian valor en las replubicas / leyes y costumbres / y aun con ella dauan arte y gracia a todas las cosas que escreuían y tratauan.” 译意为:由此它不仅被定为自由艺术、适合贵族与廷臣之才智,他们还把音乐融入所有其他艺术与学科,借它赋予共和国、法律与习俗以价值;并以音乐之艺术与优雅润色其写作与所论之事。该注释为正文关于音乐作为 liberae artes(自由艺术)之地位、尤其与廷臣修养关系的论述提供原始文献。

第55段(P0199)

原文复述
  1. “Este libro se a repartido en sete libros por la razon que ya se a oydo. Y para que cada vno halle lo que le conuenga tañer: mire la tabla a donde hallara lo que le conuiniere y los que tuuieren buena mano no se marauillen de algunas cosas del primero grado: por que en ellas no puede auer la musica que en lo mas dificultoso. Y como mi fin fue aprouechar a todos como cada vno tome lo que le conuiniere a su mano.” Valderrábano, Silva de sirena, A6r. (Itialics added.)
中文讲解

第 48 条注释引用 Valderrábano《Silva de sirenas》序言 A6r 页(原文拼写中“sete”应为“siete”):“Este libro se a repartido en siete libros por la razon que ya se a oydo. Y para que cada vno halle lo que le conuenga tañer: mire la tabla a donde hallara lo que le conuiniere y los que tuuieren buena mano no se marauillen de algunas cosas del primero grado: por que en ellas no puede auer la musica que en lo mas dificultoso. Y como mi fin fue aprouechar a todos como cada vno tome lo que le conuiniere a su mano.” 译意为:本书依前述理由分为七册。为使每个人都能找到适合自己弹奏的内容,请查阅目录;技术好的读者不必对初级部分感到意外,因为该层次无法呈现较难层次的音乐;我之目的在于裨益所有人,让各人按自己手的能力取用所需。该注释为正文关于 Valderrábano 编排七册以照顾不同水平读者的论述提供直接文献依据。

第56段(P0200)

原文复述
  1. Valderrábano, Silva de sirena, A6v–A8v. “Tabla de las obras de contrapunto que ay en el primero libro. Tabla del segundo libro en que ay motetes de famosos auctores y historias de la sagrada escriptura a sonada de romances vieios y villancicos, y otras cosas. Tabla del tercero libro en que ay obras / canciones y villancicos para cantar en falsete, notañendo lo que se cantare. Tabla del quarto libro en que ay obras compuestas de famosos autores, para tañer dos iuntos en dos vihuelas, en quatro maneras de temples / en vnisonus en tercera, en quarta en quinta. Tabla del quinto libro en qual se trata de fantasias. Tabla del sexto libro el qual trata de partes de misas duos canciones, y sonetos. Tabla del libro septimo La qual trata de Pauanas y otras diferencias.”
中文讲解

第 49 条注释长引列出 Valderrábano《Silva de sirenas》A6v–A8v 各册目录标题:含第一册对位作品总表;第二册著名作者经文歌与圣经故事、附以老 romance 与 villancico 之作;第三册假声歌唱作品与歌曲;第四册著名作者作品,供双维韦拉琴在四种调音(同度、三度、四度、五度)上合奏;第五册幻想曲;第六册弥撒部分、二声部歌曲与十四行诗;第七册帕凡舞曲与差异曲。该注释为正文关于 Valderrábano 编排原则与体裁分类的论述提供原始目录。

第57段(P0201)

原文复述
  1. Books Four and Seven only identify the grade levels of some of the pieces in their tables of contents, but the individual pieces all have difficulty levels indicated.
中文讲解

第 50 条注释为正文观点的解说:Silva de sirenas 第四册与第七册只在各自目录中标明部分作品的难度等级,但曲谱内的每一首作品都标注了难度级别。该注释为正文关于 Valderrábano 对难度标识的处理方式提供内部说明。

第58段(P0202)

原文复述
  1. Valderrábano, Silva de sirenas, fol. 1. My observations regarding the difficulty of playing some of these opening works, including those for Narváez, are based on my own attempts as a novice to use these tablatures in playing a 3/4 size guitar. I also placed a capo on the third fret to better emulate a vihuela.
中文讲解

第 51 条注释说明方法论:作者对 Valderrábano 等曲谱开篇作品难度的判断(包括对 Narváez 开篇作品的判断),源自她本人以初学者身份在 3/4 尺寸吉他上尝试弹奏这些记谱的经历;她还在第三品装上变调夹以更接近维韦拉琴的音域与指感。该注释披露了作者用亲身演奏实验来检验难度的个人方法论,因此对正文相关判断具有重要支撑作用。

第59段(P0203)

原文复述
  1. Narváez, Delphin de musica, fol. 1. This piece bears no title, but in content it is a fantasia. Griffiths gives a thorough analysis of all the fantasias in the vihuela prints in “The Vihuela Fantasia: A Comparative Study of Forms and Styles” (PhD dissertation, Monash University, 1983); Narváez and his works are discussed on 126–73. John Ward discusses the total corpus of vihuela works in “The Vihuela de Mano and Its Music (1536–1576)” (PhD dissertation, New York University, 1953); his analysis of Narváez can be found on pages 254–59.
中文讲解

第 52 条注释指出 Narváez《Delphin de musica》第一页作品无标题,内容实为幻想曲,并指引读者参阅 John Griffiths 博士论文《The Vihuela Fantasia: A Comparative Study of Forms and Styles》(Monash University, 1983)对曲谱中所有幻想曲的全面分析,其中 Narváez 及其作品在 126–73 页讨论;另提及 John Ward 博士论文《The Vihuela de Mano and Its Music (1536–1576)》(New York University, 1953)对维韦拉琴全部作品的总体讨论,对 Narváez 的分析见 254–59 页。该注释为正文关于维韦拉琴幻想曲分析提供权威背景文献。

第60段(P0204)

原文复述
  1. John Ward, “Parody Technique in 16th-Century Instrumental Music,” in The Commonwealth of Music, in Honor of Curt Sachs, ed. Gustave Reese and Rose Brandel (New York: Free Press, 1965), 222.
中文讲解

第 53 条注释简短出注:John Ward《Parody Technique in 16th-Century Instrumental Music》,收入 Reese 与 Brandel 主编的《The Commonwealth of Music, in Honor of Curt Sachs》(New York: Free Press, 1965),第 222 页。该注释为正文关于 16 世纪器乐“parody technique(模仿技术)”的论述提供来源。

第61段(P0205)

原文复述
  1. In comparing Narváez’s fantasias of Book One with those of Book Two (identified as easier), Griffiths remarks that “the fantasias of the libro segundo have an ease of
中文讲解

第 54 条注释开始引用 Griffiths 对 Narváez 两册幻想曲的对比评价。Griffiths 指出 Narváez 第二册标识为较易,其幻想曲“具备一种……容下一句”。由于原文在引文中被截断(在“ease of”处结束),句子在前段末尾开始,下一页续完。

第62段(P0206)

原文复述

This content downloaded from 140.182.176.13 on Tue, 21 Jul 2026 21:42:14 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

中文讲解

本段为 JSTOR 平台标准页脚,记录下载 IP、UTC 时间(2026 年 7 月 21 日 21:42:14)及使用条款,仅为版面包识。

第63段(P0207)

原文复述

comprehensibility matched by a transparency of texture that recalls ‘il divino’ Francesco. The longer, more complex works of the libro primero lack this immediacy and suggest a higher level of abstraction.” Griffiths, “The Vihuela Fantasia,” 129.

中文讲解

本段继续第 54 条注释,承接前段在“ease of”处截断的引文,Griffiths 原文为:“comprehensibility matched by a transparency of texture that recalls ‘il divino’ Francesco. The longer, more complex works of the libro primero lack this immediacy and suggest a higher level of abstraction.” 译意为:可理解性配以透明清澈的织体,令人联想到“神一般的 Francesco(Francesco da Milano)”;而第一册较长更复杂的作品则缺少这种直接性,呈现出更高的抽象层次。出处:Griffiths《The Vihuela Fantasia》第 129 页。该注释为正文关于 Narváez 两册幻想曲难度与艺术风格差异的论述提供核心引文。

第64段(P0208)

原文复述
  1. Narváez, Delphin, fol. 26r.
中文讲解

第 55 条注释简洁出注:Narváez《Delphin》第 26r 页。该注释为正文指认 Narváez 曲谱中某具体作品或片断提供定位。

第65段(P0209)

原文复述
  1. “The music that now is for beginning is somewhat easy, because it forms a starting [point] for the beginner. It could be easier but [then] it would lack substance; and because this music for getting started has to appear good, it will not suffer being easier than it is.” Milán, El Maestro, fol. Br:5. Quoted in Jacobs, Luis de Milán: El Maestro, 296.
中文讲解

第 56 条注释引用 Luis Milán《El Maestro》(fol. Br:5)原文:“The music that now is for beginning is somewhat easy, because it forms a starting [point] for the beginner. It could be easier but [then] it would lack substance; and because this music for getting started has to appear good, it will not suffer being easier than it is.” 译意为:现在作为入门之音乐略为简易,因为它是初学者的起点。本可更简易,但会缺乏实质;又因入门音乐须显得良好,故其简易程度已不过分。该注释为正文关于《El Maestro》编排原则、尤其是为何入门作品“不应过分简易”的论述提供原典依据。

第66段(P0210)

原文复述
  1. Knighton, “A Newly Discovered Keyboard Source,” 104–5.
中文讲解

第 57 条注释简式引注:Knighton《A Newly Discovered Keyboard Source》第 104–5 页。所指即前文注释 35 所列 Knighton 关于 Baena 的文章,作者借此为正文关于键盘乐谱与维韦拉琴谱相似编订方式的论述提供页码定位。

第67段(P0211)

原文复述
  1. See Robert Stevenson, “Josquin in the Music of Spain and Portugal,” in Josquin des Prez: Proceedings of the International Josquin Festival-Conference held at The Julliard School at Lincoln Center in New York City, 21–25 June 1971, ed. Edward E. Lowinsky, with Bonnie J. Blackburn (London: Oxford University Press, 1976), 217–46.
中文讲解

第 58 条注释指引读者参阅 Robert Stevenson《Josquin in the Music of Spain and Portugal》,收入 Lowinsky 与 Blackburn 主编《Josquin des Prez: Proceedings of the International Josquin Festival-Conference》(London: Oxford University Press, 1976),第 217–46 页。该注释为正文讨论 Josquin 在西班牙与葡萄牙音乐中影响之论述提供来源。

第68段(P0212)

原文复述
  1. “Obras compuestas de Josquin y canciones Francesas de diversos auctores.” Narváez, Los seys libros del Delphin de música (Valladolid: 1538), 37r.
中文讲解

第 59 条注释引用 Narváez《Los seys libros del Delphin de música》(Valladolid, 1538)第 37r 页的标题:“Obras compuestas de Josquin y canciones Francesas de diversos auctores.”(由 Josquin 作曲的作品及多位法国作者之歌曲。)该注释为正文关涉 Josquin 作品在维韦拉琴曲谱中被收录的论述提供原始小标题。

第69段(P0213)

原文复述
  1. “Libro Quarto donde van quatro missas de Jusquin y algunas cantadas,” and “Libro Quinto con otras quatro missas de Jusquin.” Pisador, Libro de música de vihuela (Salamanca: 1552), 30v.
中文讲解

第 60 条注释引用 Pisador《Libro de música de vihuela》(Salamanca, 1552)第 30v 页中两段小标题:“Libro Quarto donde van quatro missas de Jusquin y algunas cantadas”(第四册含 Josquin 四首弥撒及若干歌曲)与“Libro Quinto con otras quatro missas de Jusquin”(第五册含另外四首 Josquin 弥撒)。该注释为正文关于 Pisador 大量收录 Josquin 弥撒作品的论述提供文献定位。

第70段(P0214)

原文复述
  1. “Libro Sexto que tracta de motetes, a quatro y a cinco y a ocho boxes, de famosissimos authores.” Pisador, Libro de música, 75r. Italics added.
中文讲解

第 61 条注释引用 Pisador《Libro de música》第 75r 页小标题:“Libro Sexto que tracta de motetes, a quatro y a cinco y a ocho boxes, de famosissimos authores.”(第六册论述四、五、八声经文歌,皆出自最著名作者。) 该注释为正文关涉 Pisador 引用 Polyphonia(复调)传统名声之论述提供原典证据。

第71段(P0215)

原文复述
  1. Miguel de Fuenllana, Libro de música para Vihuela, intitulado Orphenica lyra (Valladolid, 1554), fol. 14v and 59r, respectively. Italics added.
中文讲解

第 62 条注释简短出注:Miguel de Fuenllana《Libro de música para Vihuela, intitulado Orphenica lyra》(Valladolid, 1554),第 14v 与 59r 页。该注释为正文引用 Fuenllana 曲谱中两处关于“famosos auctores(著名作者)”或类似评价的论述提供页码定位。

第72段(P0216)

原文复述
  1. Narváez, Delphin, fol. 34r–35v.
中文讲解

第 63 条注释简洁出注:Narváez《Delphin》第 34r–35v 页。该注释为正文指认 Narváez 曲谱中某具体作品或段落提供定位。

第73段(P0217)

原文复述
  1. These should not be confused with some sort of sonnet setting, although sometimes they are indeed that. Ward (“The Vihuela de Mano,” 192) states that many of these pieces employ borrowed tunes, or are of a popular genre other than a romance or villancico. Pujol explains that the word soneto refers to a diminutive of son, and that the term is applied to works that are short, generally light, and have the sound of popular songs (aplicada a composiciones breves, ligeras en general y con glosas o remembranzas de canciones de ambiente popular). Enríquez de Valderrábano, Libro de música de vihuela, intitulado Silva de sirenas, modern edition with transcription and study by Emilio Pujol in Monumentos de la música española (Barcelona: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto Español de Musicología, 1965), 22:28. Pujol’s definition seems to fit within the larger explanation given by Ward.
中文讲解

第 64 条注释说明“soneto”一词在维韦拉琴曲谱中的用法:不应与作为诗体的十四行诗混同(尽管有时确实如此)。Ward 在《The Vihuela de Mano》第 192 页指出,许多这类作品采用借用的曲调,或属于不同于 romance 或 villancico 的流行体裁。Pujol 在《Monumentos de la música española》第 22 卷第 28 页的现代版《Silva de sirenas》中解释,soneto 一词是 son(歌曲)的指小形式,用以指称那些短小、通常轻松、带有流行歌曲感的作品。作者认为 Pujol 的定义大致符合 Ward 的更宽泛阐述。该注释为正文关于 soneto 体裁含义的辨析提供双重学术依据。

第74段(P0218)

原文复述
  1. This work is a villancico in the Cancionero músical del palacio (fol. 136) by Gabriel Mena, and in Narváez’s print (fol. 81), but Valderrábano prints only the coplas, and not the estribillo, turning this into a single-strophe romance. Regarding “La bella malmaridada,” see José Figueras in La música en la corte de los Reyes Católicos, in Monumentos de la música española (Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto Diego Velázquez, 1941), 14/2: 361–64.
中文讲解

第 65 条注释解说具体作品的情形:此作在《Cancionero musical del palacio》(Gabriel Mena, fol. 136)与 Narváez 曲谱(fol. 81)中均为 villancico,但 Valderrábano 仅印刷其 coplas(诗节)而不含 estribillo(叠句),遂将其变为单段 romance。关于《La bella malmaridada》,可参阅 Figueras 收入《Monumentos de la música española》(Madrid, 1941)第 14 卷第 2 册 361–64 页的论述。该注释为正文对 Valderrábano 体裁归类与版本差异的细致讨论提供具体例证。

第75段(P0219)

原文复述
  1. Cited by Pujol in his commentary on this work in the modern edition of Silva de sirenas, 22:57.
中文讲解

第 66 条注释简短注明:上文引用由 Pujol 在其现代版《Silva de sirenas》注释中征引,第 22 卷第 57 页。该注释为正文引用某个早期文献或说法之来源提供出处。

第76段(P0220)

原文复述

This content downloaded from 140.182.176.13 on Tue, 21 Jul 2026 21:42:14 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

中文讲解

本段为 JSTOR 平台标准页脚,记录下载 IP、UTC 时间(2026 年 7 月 21 日 21:42:14)及使用条款,仅为版面包识。

第77段(P0221)

原文复述
  1. “La bella mal maridada / de las más lindas que yo vi, / Acuérdate quán amada / Señora fuiste de mí.”
中文讲解

第 67 条注释引用一段早期西班牙语歌词:“La bella mal maridada / de las más lindas que yo vi, / Acuérdate quán amada / Señora fuiste de mí.” 译意为:那位婚姻不幸的美丽女子/在我见过的女子中最为美丽,/请记得你曾被/我多么深爱地敬重。该注释为正文论及《La bella malmaridada》主题及其在维韦拉琴曲谱中的处理提供歌词样本。

第78段(P0222)

原文复述
  1. “Sea, quando recordares / Lo que pensares primero / Que esse día es el postrero.”
中文讲解

第 68 条注释引用另一段早期西班牙语歌词:“Sea, quando recordares / Lo que pensares primero / Que esse día es el postrero.” 译意为:无论何时你回想起/你最先想到的事,/那一天便是末日。该注释为正文注明某段“记录现世”与“末日”联想的歌词样本。

第79段(P0223)

原文复述
  1. Valderrábano also includes a work titled “Sobre la Pavana real,” which, coming at the conclusion of this group of variations, suggests that it, too, is a variation. However, the theme on which it is based is not known, and it unfolds as a single variation, rather than a theme and variation.
中文讲解

第 69 条注释详细说明 Valderrábano 亦收录了一首题为“Sobre la Pavana real”的作品,置于该组变奏曲之末,暗示其亦为变奏;然其主题不详,且展开方式为单段变奏,而非传统的主题与变奏形式。该注释为正文关于 Valderrábano 变奏体裁编排的论述提供又一例证。

第80段(P0224)

原文复述
  1. Valderrábano, Silva de sirenas, fol. A7r.
中文讲解

第 70 条注释简洁出注:Valderrábano《Silva de sirenas》第 A7r 页。该注释为正文关于 Valderrábano 曲谱序言或目录某一具体陈述提供定位。

第81段(P0225)

原文复述
  1. With regard to singing in Spain, see Giuseppe Fiorentino, “La Música de ‘Hombres y Mugeres que no saben de música’: Polifonía de Tradición Oral en el Renacimiento Español,” Revista de Musicología 31, no. 1 (2008): 9–39.
中文讲解

第 71 条注释指引读者参阅 Giuseppe Fiorentino《La Música de ‘Hombres y Mugeres que no saben de música’: Polifonía de Tradición Oral en el Renacimiento Español》,刊于《Revista de Musicología》第 31 卷第 1 期(2008),第 9–39 页。该注释为正文关于西班牙“不会音乐者”之复调传统、即口头传统的论述提供专门文献。

第82段(P0226)

原文复述
  1. For information regarding literacy and reading in Renaissance Spain, see Pedro M. Cátedra and Anastasio Rojo, Bibliotecas y lecturas de mujeres siglo XVI (Salamanca: Instituto de Historia del Libro y de la Lectura, 2004); Escribir y leer en el siglo de Cervantes, proceedings of the Simposio Internacional “Escribir y leer en el siglo de Cervantes,” compiled by Antonio Castillo Gómez, with a prologue by Antonio Petrucci (Barcelona: Gedisa, 1999); and Sara T. Nalle, “Literacy and Culture in Early Modern Castile,” Past and Present 125 (November 1989): 65–96. Nalle gives a bibliography for this topic up to 1989. For an example of how a romance can illustrate an educated Spanish woman, see Deborah Lawrence, “Judith’s Song: Creating the Warrior Priestess,” in Treasures of the Golden Age: Essays in Honor of Robert M. Stevenson, ed. Walter Clark and Michael O’Connor (Hillsdale: Pendragon Press, 2012), 357–75.
中文讲解

第 72 条注释汇集关于文艺复兴时期西班牙识字与阅读的参考文献:Cátedra 与 Rojo《Bibliotecas y lecturas de mujeres siglo XVI》(Salamanca, 2004);Castillo Gómez 编《Escribir y leer en el siglo de Cervantes》(Barcelona: Gedisa, 1999);Sara T. Nalle《Literacy and Culture in Early Modern Castile》,《Past and Present》第 125 期(1989 年 11 月)第 65–96 页,注释说明 Nalle 提供至 1989 年为止的该议题书目;并指引参阅作者本人前期文章《Judith’s Song: Creating the Warrior Priestess》,收入《Treasures of the Golden Age》(Pendragon Press, 2012)第 357–75 页作为“romance 如何体现有教养的西班牙女性”的例证。该注释为正文关于阅读能力、阅读实践与教材关系的论述提供完整学术背景。

第83段(P0227)

原文复述
  1. Deborah Lawrence, “Mudarra’s Instrumental Glosas: Imitation and Homage in a Spanish Style,” in Encomium Musicae—A Festschrift in Honor of Robert J. Snow, ed. David Crawford, with G. Grayson Wagstaff (Hillsdale: Pendragon Press, 2002), 305–19.
中文讲解

第 73 条注释指引读者参阅作者本人前期文章《Mudarra’s Instrumental Glosas: Imitation and Homage in a Spanish Style》,收入 Crawford 与 Wagstaff 主编《Encomium Musicae—A Festschrift in Honor of Robert J. Snow》(Hillsdale: Pendragon Press, 2002),第 305–19 页。该注释为正文关于 Mudarra 器乐 glosa(装饰变奏)与模仿、致敬传统的论述提供背景文献。

第84段(P0228)

原文复述
  1. John Griffiths, “Juan Bermudo, Self-Instruction, and the Amateur Instrumentalist,” in Music Education in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, ed. Russell E. Murray Jr., Susan Forscher Weiss, and Cynthia J. Cyrus (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2010), 126–37.
中文讲解

第 74 条注释指引读者参阅 John Griffiths《Juan Bermudo, Self-Instruction, and the Amateur Instrumentalist》,收入 Murray、Weiss 与 Cyrus 主编《Music Education in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance》(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2010),第 126–37 页。该注释为正文关于自修式音乐教材与业余演奏者训练传统的论述提供来源。

第85段(P0229)

原文复述
  1. Stephano Mengozzi, “Vocal Themes and Improvisation in Alberto da Ripa’s Lute Fantasies,” in Le concert des voix et des instruments à la Renaissance, Actes du 39e Colloque International d’Études Humanistes Tours, Centre d’Études Supérieures de la Renaissance, 1–11 July 1991 (Paris: CNRS Éditions, 1995), 386.
中文讲解

第 75 条注释指引读者参阅 Stephano Mengozzi《Vocal Themes and Improvisation in Alberto da Ripa’s Lute Fantasies》,收入《Le concert des voix et des instruments à la Renaissance》(Paris: CNRS Éditions, 1995),第 386 页。该注释为正文关于声乐主题被改编为器乐、尤其用于幻想曲即兴演奏的论述提供来源。

第86段(P0230)

原文复述
  1. Howard Mayer Brown, “The Instrumentalist’s Repertory in the Sixteenth Century,” in Le concert des voix et des instruments à la Renaissance, 26.
中文讲解

第 76 条注释简短出注:Howard Mayer Brown《The Instrumentalist’s Repertory in the Sixteenth Century》,收入前条所列同书《Le concert des voix et des instruments à la Renaissance》第 26 页。该注释为正文关于 16 世纪器乐家曲目范围的论述提供权威背景。

第87段(P0231)

原文复述
  1. Victor Coelho, “Raffaello Cavalcanti’s Lute Book (1590) and the Ideal of Singing and Playing,” in Le concert des voix et et des instruments à la Renaissance, 423–42.
中文讲解

第 77 条注释指引读者参阅 Victor Coelho《Raffaello Cavalcanti’s Lute Book (1590) and the Ideal of Singing and Playing》,收入同一论文集《Le concert des voix et des instruments à la Renaissance》第 423–42 页。该注释为正文论及“唱奏合一”理想在 16 世纪乐器曲目中的体现提供来源。

第88段(P0232)

原文复述
  1. “algunas partes de missas, hymnos, fantasias, favordones con otras obras compuestas.” Fuenllana, Libro de música, Book Four, fol. 89v
中文讲解

第 78 条注释引用 Fuenllana《Libro de música》第四册第 89v 页:“algunas partes de missas, hymnos, fantasias, favordones con otras obras compuestas.”(若干弥撒部分、赞美诗、幻想曲、favordones(半音华彩风格)及其他作品。)该注释为正文说明 Fuenllana 第四册收录内容之性质与多样性的论述提供原典。

第89段(P0233)

原文复述
  1. “fantasias y algunas ComPosturas Glosadas por los ocho tonos que por otro nombre mas proprio se llaman modos.” Mudarra, Tres libros de música, Book Two, fol. A1r.
中文讲解

第 79 条注释引用 Mudarra《Tres libros de música》第二册第 A1r 页:“fantasias y algunas ComPosturas Glosadas por los ocho tonos que por otro nombre mas proprio se llaman modos.”(幻想曲及若干按八种调式布局的装饰性编制之作,调式以更正式之名另称“modos”)。该注释为正文关于调式体系与套曲编排的论述提供原典依据。

第90段(P0234)

原文复述
  1. “en quatra maneras de temples / en vnisonus / en tercera / en quarta / en quinta, lo qual es muy vtil y prouechoso para gozar de la musica / y orden de las bozes, ay guardas y haspiraciones, las quales se aguardaran como es vso en el canto de organo.” Valderrábano, Silva de sirenas, fol. 45r.
中文讲解

第 80 条注释引用 Valderrábano《Silva de sirenas》第 45r 页:“en quatra maneras de temples / en vnisonus / en tercera / en quarta / en quinta, lo qual es muy vtil y prouechoso para gozar de la musica / y orden de las bozes, ay guardas y haspiraciones, las quales se aguardaran como es vso en el canto de organo.” 译意为:四种调音(同度、三度、四度、五度),这非常有益于享受音乐与声部秩序;还有暂歇与气口,应按常规对位歌唱(canto de organo)之惯例加以保留。该注释为正文关于双维韦拉琴合奏规则与声乐实践之关系的论述提供原典。

第91段(P0235)

原文复述

This content downloaded from 140.182.176.13 on Tue, 21 Jul 2026 21:42:14 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

中文讲解

本段为 JSTOR 平台标准页脚,记录下载 IP、UTC 时间(2026 年 7 月 21 日 21:42:14)及使用条款,仅为版面包识。

第92段(P0236)

原文复述
  1. Knighton, “A Newly Discovered Keyboard Source,” 87.
中文讲解

第 81 条注释简式引注:Knighton《A Newly Discovered Keyboard Source》第 87 页。该注释为正文关于键盘乐谱编订方式或难度的论述提供页码定位。

第93段(P0237)

原文复述
  1. John Griffiths, “Printing the Art of Orpheus: Vihuela Tablatures in Sixteenth-Century Spain,” in Early Music Printing and Publishing in the Iberian World, ed. Iain Fenlon and Tess Knighton (Kassel: Edition Reichenberger, 2006), 205.
中文讲解

第 82 条注释简短出注:John Griffiths《Printing the Art of Orpheus: Vihuela Tablatures in Sixteenth-Century Spain》,收入 Fenlon 与 Knighton 主编《Early Music Printing and Publishing in the Iberian World》(Kassel: Edition Reichenberger, 2006),第 205 页。该注释为正文关于维韦拉琴曲谱印刷与出版背景的论述提供来源。

第94段(P0238)

原文复述
  1. Griffiths’s discussion of this work and that of Venegas de Henestrosa shows that Cabezón’s underwent a change of name, from Compendio de música to Obras de música, and suggests that it may have been done to make the work sound less theoretical and more practical. On the other hand, the prologue that Griffiths refers to as “long and dense,” may also have made possible clientele shy away from purchase. Griffiths, “Venegas, Cabezón y la música ‘para tecla, harpa y vihuela,’” in Five Centuries of Spanish Keyboard Music, ed. Luisa Morales (Garrucha, Almería: Asociación Cultural Leal, 2007), 153–67.
中文讲解

第 83 条注释评介 Griffiths 对 Cabezón 与 Venegas de Henestrosa 著作的讨论:Griffiths 指出 Cabezón 一书从《Compendio de música》更名为《Obras de música》,可能旨在让作品听起来更注重实用而非理论;然而其序言被 Griffiths 形容为“冗长而密集”,可能使潜在买望而却步。出处:Griffiths《Venegas, Cabezón y la música ‘para tecla, harpa y vihuela,’》收入《Five Centuries of Spanish Keyboard Music》(Garrucha, Almería: Asociación Cultural Leal, 2007),第 153–67 页。此注释为正文关于曲谱如何调适面向读者的论述提供例证。

第95段(P0239)

原文复述
  1. Printed books of other Spanish music from the time, like Juan Vasquez’s collections of songs, use other means of organization. Vasquez’s pieces, all vocal works by himself, are arranged by number of voices. On the other hand, Juan del Encina’s 1496 publication of song texts is also divided by genre. Intended primarily for singing, the user of Encina’s Cancionero would use the table of contents to find pieces organized by type.
中文讲解

第 84 条注释比较同时期其他西班牙音乐印刷品的编排方式:Juan Vásquez 的歌曲集按声部数量分类(全部为其本人声乐作品);Juan del Encina 1496 年印行的歌词集亦按体裁组织,主要面向歌唱,读者通过目录查找。这一注释为正文比较维韦拉琴曲谱编排方式与其他音乐印刷品提供对照。

第96段(P0240)

原文复述
  1. It is noteworthy that two treatises from Spain, that of Montanos and Cerone, employ the term “commonplace” (lugares communes) in their approach to teaching music. See Peter Schubert, “Musical Commonplaces in the Renaissance,” in Music Education in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, 161–92.
中文讲解

第 85 条注释指出一项值得注意的事实:西班牙两部著作(Montanos 与 Cerone)在教授音乐时亦使用“commonplace(常见话题 / lugares communes)”一词,并指引参阅 Peter Schubert《Musical Commonplaces in the Renaissance》,收入《Music Education in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance》第 161–92 页。该注释为正文关涉“commonplace”在音乐教育中作为修辞/方法概念的论述提供重要文献。

第97段(P0241)

原文复述

This content downloaded from 140.182.176.13 on Tue, 21 Jul 2026 21:42:14 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

中文讲解

本段为 JSTOR 平台标准页脚,记录下载 IP、UTC 时间(2026 年 7 月 21 日 21:42:14)及使用条款,仅为版面包识。

脚注 / 边栏 / 图表 / 附加信息(如有)

本节 S1.9 全部为尾注集合(Notes,共 85 条),散落于 25–32 页之间,其间穿插 8 处 JSTOR 平台的下载/使用条款页脚提示(paragraph_id: P0152, P0166, P0180, P0195, P0206, P0220, P0235, P0241)。注释的内部结构呈现以下功能分布:(1) 完整书目(出现频次最高),为正文众多主张提供学术出处,特别是 Moss、Bourdieu、Griffiths、Schwartz、Schubert、Crane 等学者的著作;(2) 早期西班牙语原文的逐字引文,覆盖 Valderrábano、Milán、Pisador、Narváez、Fuenllana、Mudarra、Aranda、Dantisco、Monzón、Castillo、Seneca 引用等;(3) 重要主题词(如 alfabeo、commonplace、cobla/estribillo、soneto、parody technique 等)的术语解释或说明;(4) 对比性文献(意大利的 Castiglione 与 Della Casa,英国的 Crane),既支撑也衬托正文中关于西班牙语境的观点;(5) 作者本人前期研究(Lawrence 关于 Mudarra 与 Judith 文章)以及方法论自陈(注释 51 关于亲身演奏实验)。

💡 本节核心要点

  1. 本节为尾注集合(85 条),其首要功能是建立正文学术主张与具体文献页码、原典引文之间的精确关联。
  2. 理论框架来源集中:Bourdieu(文化资本)、Moss 与 Blair(commonplace books 理论)、Schubert(音乐 commonplace)是支撑正文论证的核心学术资源。
  3. 原典引文集中于维韦拉琴曲谱(Milán, Narváez, Valderrábano, Pisador, Fuenllana, Mudarra)与礼仪/教育类著作(Dantisco, Monzón, Aranda, Castillo, Cancionero general),多段直引展示其编排原则、难度标识与体裁分类。
  4. 跨语种、跨地域比较:注释提供意大利(Boase, Castiglione)、英国(Crane)、法国/低地国家(Morlaye, Phalèse, Gerle)与西班牙实践的对照,凸显维韦拉琴曲谱的国际文化语境。
  5. 作者在注释 51 中披露自身方法论——以初学者身份用 3/4 吉他加变调夹亲试——使对乐谱难度的判断具有实践依据。
  6. 编号 1–85 的注释顺序与正文段落行文呼应,所有 JSTOR 标准页脚仅起版面包识作用,不承载论证内容。

🔑 关键术语

  • commonplace (lugar común):本节核心概念。指文艺复兴时期流行的摘录簿方法:把阅读所得的警句、命题、典故按主题分类储存,供写作与谈话时征引。Moss、Blair、Schubert 等学者将其推广至音乐学习与教学;Valderrábano 等曲谱的编排与“commonplace”思想直接相关。
  • cultural capital (cultural capital 的 objectified 与 embodied 状态):Bourdieu 提出的概念。objectified 指乐器、曲谱等物质化的文化资本;embodied 指内化于身心的音乐知识与价值辨识能力。本节注释 2 明确以此分析维韦拉琴曲谱的社会文化功能。
  • alfabeto:一种把和弦指派为字母(A、B、C 等)的记谱体系,最常用和弦用字母表首部字母,少用和声用后部字母。是维韦拉琴与早期吉他曲谱中常见的基础术语。
  • soneto (维韦拉琴曲谱语境):在本节语境中(注释 64),soneto 非指诗体形制,而是 son(歌曲)的指小形式,指短小、轻松、带流行歌曲感的器乐曲。Ward 与 Pujol 对其有不同详略的界定。
  • fantasía (幻想曲):维韦拉琴曲谱中重要的器乐体裁。Griffiths 博士论文与 Narváez《Delphin》中均涉及。注释 52–54 提示幻想曲的篇幅、抽象程度与技巧难度之间存在关联。
  • vihuela print (维韦拉琴曲谱):本节核心研究对象。注释 34 列出 1536–1578 年间九部主要维韦拉琴曲谱(Milán、Narváez、Mudarra、Valderrábano、Pisador、Fuenllana、Venegas de Henestrosa、Daza、Cabezón),并以 Howard Mayer Brown 目录编号定位。
  • glosa (装饰变奏):在一段已有曲调之上加花装饰的传统。本节注释 73 指向作者前作关于 Mudarra 器乐 glosa 的研究,注释 79 则以 Mudarra 原文涉及“glogas por los ocho tonos”。